“Her Majesty’s plenipotentiary has now to announce the conclusion of preliminary arrangements between the imperial commissioner and himself involving the following conditions:tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb5 I- C( K; Y" t: V
The cession of the island and harbour of Hongkong to the British crown. All just charges and duties tot the empire upon the commerce carried on there to be paid as if the trade were conducted at Whampoa.
An indemnity to the British government of six millions of dollars, on million payable at once, remainder in equal annual instalments ending in 1846.
Direct official intercourse between the countries upon equal footing.
The trade of the port of Canton to be opened within ten further arrangements are practicable at the new settlement."
* ^% b R% M, G4 J; kTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
As to other public treaties: in order to enable a public minister or other diplomatic agent to conclude and sign a treaty with the government to which he is accredited, he must be furnished with a full power, independent of his general letter of credence. Grotius, and after him Puffendorf, consider treaties and conventions, thus negotiated and signed, as binding upon the sovereign in whose name they are concluded, in the same manner as any other contract made by a duly authorised agent binds his principal according to the general rules of civil jurisprudence./ L3 F8 G( h! w" w( f
the sovereign is bound by the acts of his ambassadors, within the limits of his patent full-power, although the latter may have transcended or violated his secret instruction. But if the minister exceed his authority, or undertake to treat points not contained in his full-power and instructions, the sovereign is fully justified in delaying, or even refusing his ratification. 9 i3 `. R, [+ U' l1 h$ ^$ L
before a sovereign can honourably refuse to ratify that which has been concluded in virtue of a full power, he must have strong and solid reasons, and, in particular, he must show that his minister has deviated from his instruction.1 {: C5 m, R' [7 v: {. T8 @: e
另外,《國際法原理》第四節又指出,假如全權代表擅自立約,在沒有得到君主准許或授權的情況下作出超越其權力的約定或承諾,最終仍必須得到(君主)的准許:5 }/ k |. \* I% `+ X
Such acts or engagements, which made without authority, or exceeding the limits of the authority under which they purport to be made, are called Sponions. These convention must be confirmed by express or tacit ratification. 3 G1 P3 w. l+ n
the assent of the chambers, clothed with the forms of a legislative act, is considered essential to the ultimate validity of a treaty ceding any portion of the national territory.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb* F( Z: W/ m9 _5 H
By the general principles of private jurisprudence, recognized by most, if not all, CIVILIZED COUNTRIES, a contract obtained by violence is void. Freedom of consent to the validity of every agreement, and contracts obtained under duress are void, because the general welfare of society requires that they should be so.(大寫為筆者所加) $ O& J# \& w C( s/ B公仔箱論壇
Her Majesty’s plenipotentiary has now to announce the conclusion of preliminary arrangements between the imperial commissioner and himself involving the following conditions:/ S. X# ]' u; j6 L
The cession of the island and harbour of Hongkong to the British crown. All just charges and duties tot the empire upon the commerce carried on there to be paid as if the trade were conducted at Whampoa.
An indemnity to the British government of six millions of dollars, on million payable at once, remainder in equal annual instalments ending in 1846.
Direct official intercourse between the countries upon equal footing.
The trade of the port of Canton to be opened within ten further arrangements are practicable at the new settlement.
根據草約所指,義律與琦善已達成「達成初步安排」 "the conclusion of preliminary arrangements between the imperial commissioner and himself" 。然而,這個「達成初步安排」的文據究竟是什麼呢?在義律發佈公吿後的第六天,即1841年1月26日英軍佔領香港這天,伯麥照會大鵬協副將賴恩爵,內容如下 [2] : - f9 n. n* B& e: |# Z" @公仔箱論壇
照得本國公使大臣義,與欽差大臣爵閣部堂琦,說定諸事,議將香港等處全島地方,讓給英國主掌,已在文據在案。是該島現系歸屬大英國王治下地方,應請貴官,速將該島全處所有貴國官兵撤回 0 U! @# ^0 S4 p. v, R# E
Bremer, Commander-in-chief, and Elliot, Plenipotentiary, etc., by this proclamation make know to the inhabitant of the island of Hongkong, that that island has now become part of the dominions of the Queen of England by clear public agreement between the High Officers of the Celestial and British Courts…..4 T6 r! d! m' S" l/ E
The island of Hongkong having been ceded to the British Crown under the seal of the Imperial Minister and High Commissioner Keshen, it has become necessary to provide the Government thereof, pending Her Majesty’s pleasure……TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。9 O- _3 q% v5 j2 s9 A) L
兩份公告目的在於曉喻香港居民,英國已經成為香港的新統治者。即便如此,民眾亦毋需惶恐,因為中國傳統禮儀習俗、宗教儀式、風俗習慣等個人權利不但會繼續保留,而且基於引入一種華洋分治,一島兩制的二元化法律體系 (a dual legal system) ,即華人將繼續依從中國法律及習慣,英國及其他各國人士則接受英國法的統治 [4] 。 ( V# x) V1 O) L/ R1 x8 @, L根據中國社會科學院研究員劉存寛教授,在其著作《香港史論叢》第二章<英國強佔香港島與所謂「穿鼻條約」>中指出,這兩份公告的基礎,是以 1 月 20 日的通知為依據。換言之, 2 月 1 日公告中的 "clear public agreement between the High Officers of the Celestial and British Courts" ,和義律 2 月 2 日公告中所指的 "The island of Hongkong having been ceded to the British Crown under the seal of the Imperial Minister and High Commissioner Keshen" ,都是以義律在通知中的「達成初步安排」為依據。而這個有「達成」「安排」的「文據」,便是琦善在《穿鼻草約》蓋上的關防。 5 \, F" _9 x @& _$ f! v) o0 L公仔箱論壇TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。; n( q, @. @& c6 _* A) z
可是,這兩份極重要的公告中,存在三個問題:TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。3 ?( x- [# u* r) C4 y! P* z0 z" k
假如公告的基礎是以通知為依據,那麼通知又什麼作依據?琦善有否就割讓香港與義律達成協議並蓋印作實?
巴麥尊否定條約;以及
義律在港權力和公告法律效力
劉存寬教授、前香港歷史博物館館長丁新豹博士、香港嶺南大學香港與華南歷史研究部名譽研究員蕭國健教授等多名學者均認為,琦善從來沒有在任何關於割讓香港的文據上蓋關防作實 [5] 。 ' d H" B& e3 A5.39.217.76那麼,義律聲稱琦善蓋了關防的文據,究竟是怎麼一回事?筆者嘗試從時序、策略、琦善和義律心態三方面全方位分析「達成了初步安排」和「已有文據在案」可能性。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb! a9 N& ?$ l/ m
照會接據貴公使大臣來文,均衡已閱悉。現在諸事既經說定,所請釋放港腳黑人那密及法法蘭西國人單亞泥二人,本大臣爵閣部堂即飭去員,帶交貴公使大臣釋放可也。為此照會。公仔箱論壇5 V8 l5 U& S# f- f1 ^
首先,我們嘗試詮釋琦善復照的背景和內容。此照 (F. O. 682/858) 是琦蓋給義律請求放人的回覆。而復照中所指的「諸事」,究竟所謂何事?查中英雙方在1841年 1 月中旬的一番文書往來後,得知兩人的確就英方交還定海、沙角大角、中方代奏請給香港寄居,以及上述釋放二人的協議,因此已經「說定」 [11] 。就義律 14 日的照會來說,「將以沙角、大角二處送還」的代價是「將尖沙咀、香港各等處讓給英國主治」,既然琦善就「將以沙角、大角二處送還」為代價並以「止擇一處地方寄寓泊船」代奏道光帝,雙方即就此達成協議,那麼琦善便需履行承諾,為此口頭協議「代奏」道光帝,即琦善在 1 月 15 日的復照中「(惟尖沙咀與香港)代為籌計盡善」 [12] 。此時,琦善還說由於「諸事皆定」,亦不想因此一事而延誤談判。按邏輯說,只有「將尖沙咀、香港各等處讓給英國主治」,才符合作為退還二角的交換條件。可是,義律卻視「現在諸事既經說定」中琦善所承諾的「代奏」,偷梁換柱為承諾「讓給英國主治」。 1 月 20 日,義律復照琦善 [13] : - g4 O, \! w9 G. |+ I公仔箱論壇
照得貴大臣爵閣部堂二十六日來文,均已閲悉。現在事事既已說定,本公使大臣全賴貴大臣爵閣部堂誠信,知必如議,於二十一年正月初旬以內,就行開港貿易,茲備公文,咨會佰統師,請即讓還沙角、大角等處。所有兵船軍師,撤退九龍所近之香港島地駐剳,並請將日前所獲貴國舟師等船,一俟貴大臣爵閣部堂派弁。」公仔箱論壇4 u0 g! w y* l$ _9 b5 P' H) a1 W
從義律這復照的內容來看,他重複琦所說的「現在事事既已說定」,並不只是重申琦善復照中所說的釋放兩名港腳商人的決定,更不是重申琦善所承諾的「代奏」,而是對自己「讓還沙角、大角等處」、「兵船軍師撤退九龍所近之香港島地駐剳」等承諾的保証。換言之,義律已獨自將「尖沙咀、香港各等處讓給英國主治」變為既定事實。 ( t0 |4 \! a, N v. ~# `" }4 t5.39.217.76然而,義律在 20 日這復照仍沒有將香港主權問題包含在「現在事事既已說定」內。到了 1 月 28 日和 30 日,伯麥致廣東大鵬營協鎮和義律發給琦善的復照中,我們便可以清楚看到,兩人將生米當作熟飯吃的全景 [13] :TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。7 y) ]0 r' Z) ^& Z
公仔箱論壇6 a7 D5 t4 Y5 I; q+ Z
伯麥:「照得本國公使大臣義。與欽差大臣爵閣部堂琦。說定諸事,議將香港等處全島地方,讓給英國主掌,已有文據在案。」tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb, D {" @( G& a0 l: b6 i. ?7 w
義律:「照得先日與貴大臣爵閣部堂,議香港一島讓給英國主治,其對面之尖沙嘴地,聽照大臣爵閣部堂來意,不請兼給,當經面為說明。」TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。' [- Z6 S+ B# s6 X1 F1 D! Y' J' H
tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb( n5 s8 }: ?2 i5 z
對於讓出香港給英國主治,琦善究竟有何回應呢?琦善遲遲沒有回答關於香港島的主權問題。由義律在以上 1 月 30 日宣佈「議香港一島讓給英國主治」起,直至 6 天後的 2 月 5 日,琦善才在發給義律的復照中稱義律應就他於 1 月 5 日的「開列各條」(當中以戰爭脅迫琦善懲治林鄧二人、平等行書模式、償還款項、歸還定海等事宜,但不包括香港寄居或主治)來砌商 [15] ,不能「更改等語」。亦由於義律的要求與其在 1 月 8 日擬訂的《酌定草底》,即 2 月 13 日給琦善《善定事宜》的草約「不甚相遠,不過漢文通順,是以語句字面,每有不同」為由,並要求與義侓再晤詳談 [16] 。 $ j- E! u. }8 j8 v% D! Ptvb now,tvbnow,bttvbTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。1 `3 C$ U+ ^% X) `' v& F
到了 2 月 13 日,心急如焚的義律仍未等到琦善的實際回覆,亦沒有面談草約細節,於是義律照會促請琦善說道 [17] : 7 f* }5 z1 d' S- C, U
今將昨經貴大臣爵閣部堂與本公使大臣議擬陳列善定事宜條款,逐一繕寫漢英同文一張送閲。惟照英國之例,須應兩國欽差大使,均在一所,同時當面蓋印,是故特請貴大臣爵閣部堂,指出面會處所,定於早日再晤,幸得蓋印完結。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。4 E! m! V! f8 }3 g) {" R
由於由 1 月 20 日起,直至 2 月 12 日琦善都沒有就義律割讓香港島的任何協議上蓋印答允,於是義律於 13 日向琦善開價包括割讓香港的《善定事宜》,並要求「當面蓋印」。 . c o, D' T* V4 ]7 p" k( O% ftvb now,tvbnow,bttvb對於這個「協議」,身在倫敦的巴麥尊不但對協定索價完全遠離當日的《巴麥尊子爵致大清皇帝欽命宰相書》而感到恥辱 [18] ,並且對協定的程序表示否定(將於<香港是如何開埠的?(三)巴麥尊否定草約中的什麼?>詳述)。公仔箱論壇# {0 z& O/ u0 v* q
由此可見,從琦善在這數天的照會中可以看到,琦善的確有就「寄居」香港一事與義律磋商,但沒有任何關於割讓的磋商,亦沒有達成任何相關協議。5.39.217.769 Q, P. ~1 s/ X v+ g
那麼,在 1 月 20 日發出通知後,義律如何跟進? & g) n( l3 a$ }" t* d, {8 S公仔箱論壇1 月 20 日後,義律分別在 1 月 27-28 日和 2 月 11-12 日兩次談判中,繼續脋迫琦善在割讓香港的《條約草案》上蓋印 [19] 。 2 月 6 日,義律再次逼迫琦善蓋印,照會中稱:「則本月之內,倘終未能以《善定事宜》條款,蓋印了結,諸事全妥,必使再開衅端」 [20] 。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。7 {, |7 d# J( h, D Y
而另一方面,本於開戰前主「剿」的琦善,在沙角大角一戰後發現敵我距離太遠,克敵信心盡失,所以只力陳主「撫」,望以和談解決。於 1841 年 2 月 1 日,琦善再次上書道光帝,力陳羈糜之計 – 拖字訣:4 N1 K0 A9 h1 Q4 d' i
香港是如何開埠?(三)巴麥尊否定草約的什麼? 7 C9 }+ W& B" u6 T2 u) i 5 t3 S% E- s& s2 @* J5.39.217.76 : k" F" }* J. n$ U4 X9 C ; Q% N% h" f/ H( j9 [ / p, b ?3 a% S! o公仔箱論壇圖為巴麥尊 $ N2 a9 [* T& f $ K5 [5 Z( F( i1 G4 r. m; Otvb now,tvbnow,bttvb上篇《心態篇》為分析琦善有否割讓香港的最後一篇。此篇,筆者會探討,究竟為什麼巴麥尊會否定草約,而他否定的又是什麼。 0 h; u2 c, v! j* Y5.39.217.76關於《穿鼻草約》的認受性,英國外交大臣巴麥尊,即義律的頂頭上司表示懷疑。在得悉義律在 1841 年 1 月 20 日所發出關於與他和琦善就割讓香港所達成協議的公告後,巴麥尊於三個月後的 4 月 21 日給義律炒魷的致函中,否定義律的「所謂協議」 [1] : ! @9 d! o0 V0 P2 ^
You have obtained the Cession of Hong Kong, a barren Island with hardly a House upon it; and even this Cession as it is called, seems to me, from the conditions with which it is clogged, not to be a cession of the Sovereignty of the Island, which could only be made by the signature of the Emperor, but to be a permission to us to make a Settlement there, upon the same footing on which the Portuguese have an establishment at Macao.% s7 d; i& O- U }( h
With reference to the Proclamation which has appeared in the Newspapers of this Country, issued by you to Her Majesty’s Subjects in China, in which you declare the Island of Hong Kong to be annexed forever tot the British dominions, I have to observe to you that no part of the Territory belonging to one Sovereign can be ceded and made over to another Sovereign, except by a formal Treaty, ratified by the Sovereign by whom the cession is made, and that no Subject has the power to alienate any portion of the territory of his Sovereign. Consequently, the agreement made by Keshen that Hong Kong should be ceded to the British Crown, EVEN IF THAT AGREEMENT HAS BEEN RECORDED IN THE FORMAL SHAPE OF A TREATY, would have been of NO VALUE or force until it had been ratified by The Emperor of China. Your Proclamation was therefore ENTIRELY PREMATURE, inasmuch as it does not appear that any formal Treaty for the cession of Hong Kong had been signed between you and Keshen; and that all events, it is certain that at the time when you issued your Proclamation, no such Treaty, even if signed by Keshen, had been ratified by the Emperor.(大寫為筆者所加) ' Z! [& {3 M9 C \6 Y( V& H5.39.217.76
In ignorance of Captain Elliot’s proposals of Jan 8, 1841, it is impossible to state clearly what was agreed to on this point; but it would appear that the Island of Hong Kong had been ceded as a place of settlement; clogged, however, with a condition that all duties are to be paired there in the same manner as they have hitherto been paid at Whampoa; that is (it is presumed) that they should be assessed and collected at Hong Kong by Chinese officers. In fact, IT DOES NOT CLEARLY APPEAR THAT HONG KONG IS CEDED TO GREAT BRITAIN IN ABSOLUTE SOVEREIGNTY.(大寫為筆者所加) 1 J' i, f" y2 d# d' f+ i# a. a5 T5.39.217.76
……間觀西洋夷人,久沐天恩懷柔曠典,得以㰎觠在澳門寄居。今此事同律,欲求代為了籲懇天恩,自道光二十一年起,准其就粵東外洋之香港島地方泊舟寄居,即不取再求往他省貿易各等情,懇請代奏前來。奴才除給該夷,令其速由海道齎赴浙江,將定海刻即繳還,奴才亦即收回沙角外,可否仰懇聖恩,俟伊里布奏報收回定海後,俯准該夷自道光二十一年起,仍前來粵通商,並倣照西洋夷人在澳門寄居之例,准其就粵東外洋之香港地方寄居,出自逾格鴻慈 [14] ) [3 p: ^' y# q; O F
The government of China is perfectly convinced that the Island of Hong Kong will not be yielded up, and if it suited the purposes or character of Her Majesty’s Government to accept it under any such modification as would save the appearance of its formal cession, and declaration were made that we were satisfied with that extent of territorial possession, they would be well content to adjust affairs at once.* W) Z: b8 @% Q7 C
小結 ) K+ V/ z; b0 z+ A' g4 q綜合以上分析而言,琦善以義律含糊的口吻奏明道光帝,而義律又故意在攫取香港的手段上偷換概念,雙方都是以自己的方式,以達到各自目的。從廣東談判的時序、策略、琦善和義律對香港主權的心態分析後可以看到,除了香港割讓的議題上,琦善的確答應了條款的某些部分;但是關於香港割讓這一部分,盡管義律脅迫琦善割讓香港的照會中可能出現言語上的誤會 [27] ,但身為欽差的琦善,只是作為道光帝牽線木偶而已。而關於「寄居」一事,儘管琦善在道光帝允許後的確有跟義律進行磋商,但始終雙方亦沒有達成協議。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb* p$ c* Q% F( D3 p3 Y$ B
下篇《香港是如何開埠?(三)》,將會離開廣東談判,探討一下巴麥尊否定《穿鼻草約》,但沒有否定義律公告的議題。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。+ X6 [3 `# G6 S+ \
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註:tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb9 C! E* z% p: w$ V4 N, J
《天朝的崩潰》,茅海建著,第 177-179 頁。
關於翻譯問題,蔣廷黻先生表示,道光帝在 8 月 19 日收到由馬儒翰 (John Robert Morrison, 1814 年 4 月 17 日 - 1843 年 8 月 29 日 ) 翻譯的《巴麥尊子爵致大清皇帝欽命宰相書》,出現很多嚴重誤譯,以至全文語調由上門要挾轉變為負屈(對林則徐的指控)「乞恩」,使「剿」轉而主「撫」。例如,譯「求討皇帝昭雪伸冤」(原文為 "demand from the Emperor satisfaction and redress" )。此外,譯文亦多處將原意「匡正」譯為「伸冤」,「抗議 (protest) 」譯為「告明」,「賠償」譯為「昭雪」,「要求」譯為「催討」等等。《天朝的崩潰》,茅海建著,第 173 頁, 238-239 頁。