本帖最後由 felicity2010 於 2014-8-10 12:49 AM 編輯
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《經濟學人》：新疆正變成另一個車臣？ tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb6 q) N$ N$ ]8 f) ]4 D2 T, w
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今期的《經濟學人》，以「A Chechnya in the making 」為題，勸喻中國政府必須改變現時對新疆維吾爾族人的鐵腕政策，否則新疆將會一如俄羅斯內的車臣共和國，陷入持續而嚴重的動亂。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。/ e& K+ |, o1 w
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文章提到，本來以突厥穆斯林為佔人口多數的新疆，對於中國的統治本來就是半推半就。文章認為，中國對維吾爾族人的管理手法，首先是鼓勵漢人大舉移入新疆，然後便大舉興建基建設施，讓最好的工作機會都由漢族人掌握。之後，那怕淪為少數的維吾爾族人只是有少許不滿，中國政府都會以強硬手段鎮壓。 k$ ~! G9 H" W8 g% j0 a9 j
9 P8 F' [$ [$ U) |, C% X! E中國政府把反抗的維吾爾族人定性為「恐怖分子」，卻悲劇地漸漸成為自我實現的預言。過往，新疆的「恐怖襲擊」最多只是持刀，而且沒有組織。然而，近幾次的恐怖襲擊，這些騷動往往擴散到整個新疆，而且往往是自殺式恐怖襲擊，而且針對漢人平民。文章沒有提到，但真正教人捏一把汗的是，今年5月習近平剛視察新疆後的下午，烏魯木齊火車站便發生了爆炸。
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) \& j0 Q3 A: ] S公仔箱論壇文章又引述在海外的維吾爾獨立活動人士說，最近在喀什發生的暴力，並不是恐怖活動，而是由於當地警察強制禁止回教徒在齋戒月絕食。而齋戒月，正正是回教徒極為重視的「五功」之一。
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一旦宗教捲入了衝突就會變得非常棘手，而車臣的例子也許會給中國一些前車之鑒。車臣人篤信回教，與信奉東正教的俄羅斯人格格不入。車臣自第二次世界大戰後多次起義，亦多次遭到了俄羅斯的殘酷鎮壓。車臣自此成為暴力活動的溫牀，恐將成為俄國一個永遠的傷痛和傷疤。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。' h* d: b: t! O! u$ ~6 \# a
9 X) \' W! q1 A/ r1 qtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb文章指出，國家主席習近平並非不知道問題所在，亦正試圖給予維吾爾族人更多的經濟與教育機會。然而，文章認為，中國政府最需要做的，是尊重維族人的宗教傳統，例如允許穆斯林去朝聖麥加等。另一方面，當局亦不應試圖中斷維族人的語言及回教教育。
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最後，文章說中國應該放棄鎮壓那些溫和的維族人的做法，因為他們並不主張聖戰，但是卻對中國政府的鎮壓政策不滿。如果中國不希望看到新疆維吾爾人落入極端分子之手的話，就應該允許知識分子發表異見，而不是把他們關進監獄。* ]9 w) `$ m! r
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) \- k; x. F \. m5 g8 k5.39.217.76The Economist: A Chechnya in the making公仔箱論壇, W3 L1 _2 h" K/ G0 v
, W- D n4 u# ]. a3 |# U公仔箱論壇An iron fist in Xinjiang is fuelling an insurrection. China’s leadership must switch tactics
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THE Uighurs have never been particularly comfortable in China. Xinjiang, the region where these Turkic Muslims once formed the vast majority, came unwillingly into the Chinese empire. Rebels in parts of it even set up independent republics; a short-lived one was snuffed out by the Communist Party in 1949. Since then the regime in Beijing, 1,000 miles (1,600km) to the east, has sought to keep Xinjiang quiet. The policy is not working. The presidency of Xi Jinping risks sinking into a quagmire of ethnic strife. This could be China’s Chechnya.
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2 A \. ^. d# w& Z( \TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Over the past few decades the party has used several tactics to assert control. First it encouraged massive migration of Han Chinese into Xinjiang from other parts of China. Later it poured money into infrastructure and beefing up industry; the jobs thus created have gone overwhelmingly to Hans, who now make up more than40% of the province’s 22m people. In tandem the party has adopted a hard line towards the merest hint of dissatisfaction on the part of the Uighurs.
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Discontent is spilling into the open, nonetheless. The past few days have been the bloodiest in Xinjiang since clashes in the provincial capital, Urumqi, left around 200 dead in 2009. It appears that nearly 100 people died in the violence. The dead include 59 alleged terrorists gunned down by police near Kashgar, the main city in southern Xinjiang, where the Uighurs are concentrated(and where the economy is weakest). These Uighurs had apparently attacked police stations and Han Chinese. Two days later a pro-government imam was stabbed to death outside the city’s main mosque (see article).
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) H; E. J0 p! D) B) I8 |- p- oTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Whenever violence flares up, the government’s rhetoric is uncompromising and usually focused on the dangers of jihadism. In May, following a spate of attacks by Uighurs on government and civilian targets in Xinjiang and in other parts of China, Mr Xi demanded “walls made of copper and steel” and “nets spread from the earth to the sky” to catch the “terrorists”. The party blames such attacks on Islamist militancy seeping across the border from Central and South Asia—notably from Afghanistan and Pakistan. It likes to claim that Uighurs live in harmony with the Han Chinese (“tightly bound together like the seeds of a pomegranate”, as Mr Xi puts it).TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。# S3 H. S+ o' \) p+ I
+ X: J, S; z+ t( l, u5.39.217.76The tragedy is that the government could end up proving itself right—by making jihadism the core of the Uighurs’ militancy. For now the violence is fuelled principally by a welter of home-grown grievances and is strikingly amateurish:rarely are the perpetrators armed with anything more than knives. But in recent months the violence has been morphing, spreading beyond the region itself and taking on some of the hues of jihadism elsewhere—through suicide-attacks and indiscriminate killing of civilians.
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# s8 U, `* W6 }3 a/ D9 x$ ^4 z" u1 w. `Such acts are unspeakable. But there is evidence that China’s heavy-handed approach in Xinjiang is radicalising a once-tolerant culture. Uighur activists abroad say the latest violence near Kashgar had nothing to do with terrorism, for instance; instead it was sparked by police efforts to enforce government bans against fasting during Ramadan.
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From Sudan to the West Bank, the evidence is clear: once religion enters any conflict, it becomes harder to settle. The parallel with Chechnya should scareMr Xi. What started out as a nationalist uprising in Russia’s north Caucasus region in the 1990s was met by a brutal clampdown, which in turn spawned a violent Islamist movement. Since then Chechnya has been both a jihadist breeding-ground and a running sore for Russia.
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" Z2 G" l8 w$ M5 N公仔箱論壇About turn
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3 ?: U. o5 A" c- B% {! qThere are hints that Mr Xi understands the problem. In May he convened a rare meeting of party bosses to discuss Xinjiang. That gathering recognised the need to boost employment among Uighurs, especially in southern Xinjiang. After the meeting state-owned enterprises in Xinjiang were told they had to hire at least a quarter of all staff from Uighur and other minorities. Education for Uighursis another priority: work has just begun on Kashgar’s first full-scale university.公仔箱論壇1 X) @: f4 A" u$ L! \! B, Y* Q
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Such steps are necessary, but still not enough. Uighurs’ religious traditions should be respected, so that all Muslims are allowed to visit Mecca, not just those approved by the government. Education in the Uighur language could also be encouraged, as well as its use in workplaces. Mr Xi should disband the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, which runs a vast network of Han-dominated settlements.公仔箱論壇) A- U* M6 A& S' x, J0 ]
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And China should give up persecuting moderate Uighurs, who hardly embrace jihadism but are still angry about the government’s repressive measures. Amid the carnage of the past few days, the authorities announced they had formally charged a prominent Uighur economist, Ilham Tohti, with separatism. “Fewer and fewer people dare to speak out” about ethnic policies in Xinjiang, Mr Tohti has lamented. If Xinjiang’s Uighurs are not to fall prey to extremists, Mr Xi must allow people like Mr Tohti to speak out, not lock them away.& n [# E& v' [1 z1 `' @* N5 a
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發表於 2014-8-10 12:44 AM
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