, j( [* D' Q+ P7 e: B2 H/ ?《Convention of Chuenpee》原文 [4] ： ) a2 X% h1 }) i6 B2 Z0 S
“Her Majesty’s plenipotentiary has now to announce the conclusion of preliminary arrangements between the imperial commissioner and himself involving the following conditions: * @6 z7 ?6 C! R: Dtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb
The cession of the island and harbour of Hongkong to the British crown. All just charges and duties tot the empire upon the commerce carried on there to be paid as if the trade were conducted at Whampoa.
An indemnity to the British government of six millions of dollars, on million payable at once, remainder in equal annual instalments ending in 1846.
Direct official intercourse between the countries upon equal footing.
The trade of the port of Canton to be opened within ten further arrangements are practicable at the new settlement."
As to other public treaties: in order to enable a public minister or other diplomatic agent to conclude and sign a treaty with the government to which he is accredited, he must be furnished with a full power, independent of his general letter of credence. Grotius, and after him Puffendorf, consider treaties and conventions, thus negotiated and signed, as binding upon the sovereign in whose name they are concluded, in the same manner as any other contract made by a duly authorised agent binds his principal according to the general rules of civil jurisprudence. . e6 O, E: g3 d, \/ C. g% {0 [
關於代理君主的大臣之職權，文中寫道： 8 \5 d Z. E$ `6 s公仔箱論壇
the sovereign is bound by the acts of his ambassadors, within the limits of his patent full-power, although the latter may have transcended or violated his secret instruction. But if the minister exceed his authority, or undertake to treat points not contained in his full-power and instructions, the sovereign is fully justified in delaying, or even refusing his ratification. & }2 S5 F+ I( z. M) e
before a sovereign can honourably refuse to ratify that which has been concluded in virtue of a full power, he must have strong and solid reasons, and, in particular, he must show that his minister has deviated from his instruction.5.39.217.761 B( _, d( h8 x, {
Such acts or engagements, which made without authority, or exceeding the limits of the authority under which they purport to be made, are called Sponions. These convention must be confirmed by express or tacit ratification. 6 e4 h5 C8 Q" j4 A" _# U, E) Z
the assent of the chambers, clothed with the forms of a legislative act, is considered essential to the ultimate validity of a treaty ceding any portion of the national territory.# w u0 O/ J* h; s @
最後，與當今國際法一樣，在第八節中，亦清楚說到，在文明國家的法學中，「恃強逼勒」的情況下所簽訂的條約，是不能生效的 [10] ：9 q# q8 d& O/ \9 ^) s
By the general principles of private jurisprudence, recognized by most, if not all, CIVILIZED COUNTRIES, a contract obtained by violence is void. Freedom of consent to the validity of every agreement, and contracts obtained under duress are void, because the general welfare of society requires that they should be so.（大寫為筆者所加）5.39.217.76 Q7 M7 [4 H2 |
簡而言之，當時國際法似乎已清晰厘定，包含了領土割讓的條約，需要符合兩個前提才能生效：6 j' s; n3 ~$ e$ f( z0 O
本帖最後由 felicity2010 於 2016-1-27 02:15 AM 編輯 3 a7 a F/ w, J) R3 x5.39.217.76 ) F9 P4 e3 L4 s2 f香港是如何開埠的？（二）— 時序篇：琦善有否同意割讓香港？ + y. K1 l# w/ r* B公仔箱論壇 # R G; L. e" y9 Q* r7 q5.39.217.76公仔箱論壇. {0 ]! i2 z* ^" \
. q6 }, T$ W5 s% W2 l* d tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb5 A: w3 r1 Q: c# t" l, j5 T; c1 G
1841 年 1 月 28 日，駐遠東艦隊支隊司令伯麥 (J. J. Gordon Bremer) 發出照會「議將香港等處全島地方，讓給英國主掌，已有文據在案」公仔箱論壇3 U- z- s! U: @+ ^' ~0 e# Z6 n7 L; K
& E l) I' \7 v5 P6 D公仔箱論壇上篇《從 19 世紀國際法和平條約談起》，談到 19 世紀國際法和平條約的基本概況和清朝欽差大臣的相關職權範圍。今篇將會從廣東談判中關於香港割讓的時序，分析琦善有否同意割讓香港。公仔箱論壇, w' o: \- b d# K) \2 H! M
1841 年 1 月 26 日，英軍在升旗禮後，香港踏入開埠之路。為了使強佔的行為合理化和往後的長期貿易鋪路，必須一份聲稱雙方同意的正式法律文件5.39.217.765 y7 I, Q9 H3 i
1841 年 1 月 20 日，義律於澳門發布一份《給英國女皇陛下臣民的通知》，這份公佈香港割讓給英國的正式文件，後來稱為「穿鼻草約」或「穿鼻協定」 (Convention of Chunpee) [1] ：tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb8 u Q1 s2 Q" ^" k0 X" M: O4 H
Her Majesty’s plenipotentiary has now to announce the conclusion of preliminary arrangements between the imperial commissioner and himself involving the following conditions:tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb5 Y9 f8 ~1 {+ ^" O. Q
The cession of the island and harbour of Hongkong to the British crown. All just charges and duties tot the empire upon the commerce carried on there to be paid as if the trade were conducted at Whampoa.
An indemnity to the British government of six millions of dollars, on million payable at once, remainder in equal annual instalments ending in 1846.
Direct official intercourse between the countries upon equal footing.
The trade of the port of Canton to be opened within ten further arrangements are practicable at the new settlement.
根據草約所指，義律與琦善已達成「達成初步安排」 "the conclusion of preliminary arrangements between the imperial commissioner and himself" 。然而，這個「達成初步安排」的文據究竟是什麼呢？在義律發佈公吿後的第六天，即1841年1月26日英軍佔領香港這天，伯麥照會大鵬協副將賴恩爵，內容如下 [2] ：TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。) [& K! i: W7 B3 w: i: Z" h* N! I
Bremer, Commander-in-chief, and Elliot, Plenipotentiary, etc., by this proclamation make know to the inhabitant of the island of Hongkong, that that island has now become part of the dominions of the Queen of England by clear public agreement between the High Officers of the Celestial and British Courts…..TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。2 Q! d7 ]" p1 g3 f8 h' w3 K; V
2 月 2 日，義律又向中外人士和傳媒發表第二份公告：TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。' H8 z/ V* b) ]2 R. ]% C4 v1 g8 _
The island of Hongkong having been ceded to the British Crown under the seal of the Imperial Minister and High Commissioner Keshen, it has become necessary to provide the Government thereof, pending Her Majesty’s pleasure……TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。0 X n2 v- W3 k$ s8 u5 _, ]/ k
兩份公告目的在於曉喻香港居民，英國已經成為香港的新統治者。即便如此，民眾亦毋需惶恐，因為中國傳統禮儀習俗、宗教儀式、風俗習慣等個人權利不但會繼續保留，而且基於引入一種華洋分治，一島兩制的二元化法律體系 (a dual legal system) ，即華人將繼續依從中國法律及習慣，英國及其他各國人士則接受英國法的統治 [4] 。 O3 h! \- X' O+ Z; M: MTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。根據中國社會科學院研究員劉存寛教授，在其著作《香港史論叢》第二章<英國強佔香港島與所謂「穿鼻條約」>中指出，這兩份公告的基礎，是以 1 月 20 日的通知為依據。換言之， 2 月 1 日公告中的 "clear public agreement between the High Officers of the Celestial and British Courts" ，和義律 2 月 2 日公告中所指的 "The island of Hongkong having been ceded to the British Crown under the seal of the Imperial Minister and High Commissioner Keshen" ，都是以義律在通知中的「達成初步安排」為依據。而這個有「達成」「安排」的「文據」，便是琦善在《穿鼻草約》蓋上的關防。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb/ _1 s1 O/ a$ U1 H6 M
+ B2 S; U2 s H A; @$ \4 F
可是，這兩份極重要的公告中，存在三個問題： # F0 V( ^) k' B3 E0 @5.39.217.76
照得貴大臣爵閣部堂二十六日來文，均已閲悉。現在事事既已說定，本公使大臣全賴貴大臣爵閣部堂誠信，知必如議，於二十一年正月初旬以內，就行開港貿易，茲備公文，咨會佰統師，請即讓還沙角、大角等處。所有兵船軍師，撤退九龍所近之香港島地駐剳，並請將日前所獲貴國舟師等船，一俟貴大臣爵閣部堂派弁。」5.39.217.76' H7 O1 w5 M, l
截至 2 月 16 日，琦善仍沒有蓋印，明顯地，莫說 1 月 20 日義律在澳門發出通知中「達成了初步安排」，或是 2 月 1 和 2 日兩份公告中聲稱 "clear public agreement between the High Officers of the Celestial and British Courts" 和 "under the seal of the Imperial Minister and High Commissioner Keshen" 均不可能提前發生，假如義律說早已於 1 月 20 日已與琦善簽訂了《穿鼻草約》，那根本毋需此後多次發出最後通牒脅迫琦善蓋印（最後的通牒死缐是 3 月 1 日。然而，義律早已急不及待，於 2 月 23 日已揮軍再攻虎門）。並且，既已簽約，琦善亦毋需分別在 1 月 31 日擬出《酌定章程》和 2 月 11-12 日重新提出《酌擬章程底稿》四條與義律再次洽談，而律義亦毋需於 2 月 13 日向琦善提出《善定事宜》作最後商議（關於上述兩章程的細節將於下篇《心態上》詳述）。公仔箱論壇/ n4 U2 A. H; L9 P5 r5 \) Y
! `2 I. }2 n5 W { `公仔箱論壇事實上，所謂「安排」，只是義律要做成既定事實，來逼使清政府作出承諾的計策。那麼義律所指的「已有文據在案」，實際上是啥什麼？ ; c' o/ C* [& [6 C) f% D" nTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。義律所指的「文據」，其實是雙方就自沙角退兵、繳還定海、代奏寄居香港及釋放拘留人士等協議的磋商和照會文件 [22] 。然而這些協議都沒有簽字作實，亦沒有蓋上關防。在 2 月 1 日義律發布公告的同日，義律給琦善的照會中便說道 [23] ： & |' D" V, { o7 i5.39.217.76
倘貴大臣爵閣部堂，能將業將分別酌議說定諸事，曾有文據之各條款，列作盟約，俾兩國制體，均無所傷之處。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。7 a. Z. _ _0 A/ P/ x3 b
香港是如何開埠？（三）巴麥尊否定草約的什麼？tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb4 J( t$ k. |8 M8 K; t/ Z( H! R
tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb7 w: e& N4 A2 K6 r
) I7 ], D9 i, j1 ]0 }9 G( ?$ T m! tTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。! d4 a$ _, Y0 q6 O tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb% t/ [$ X7 o( [# c$ Y
圖為巴麥尊公仔箱論壇- v4 m8 m: o3 {, B' Y
4 p- x2 h- [+ S6 J1 k
上篇《心態篇》為分析琦善有否割讓香港的最後一篇。此篇，筆者會探討，究竟為什麼巴麥尊會否定草約，而他否定的又是什麼。 " j: y5 y/ ]* B7 C% F& B/ }7 VTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。關於《穿鼻草約》的認受性，英國外交大臣巴麥尊，即義律的頂頭上司表示懷疑。在得悉義律在 1841 年 1 月 20 日所發出關於與他和琦善就割讓香港所達成協議的公告後，巴麥尊於三個月後的 4 月 21 日給義律炒魷的致函中，否定義律的「所謂協議」 [1] ： . ?; c4 j. C+ u9 |* d; r- w! \+ n
You have obtained the Cession of Hong Kong, a barren Island with hardly a House upon it; and even this Cession as it is called, seems to me, from the conditions with which it is clogged, not to be a cession of the Sovereignty of the Island, which could only be made by the signature of the Emperor, but to be a permission to us to make a Settlement there, upon the same footing on which the Portuguese have an establishment at Macao. ) a" o4 ` B# e7 e1 m3 {' a, t
另外，再於 5 月 14 日致函義律的第九號文件中，巴麥尊詳細重申一遍他否定協議和公告的原因 [2] ：公仔箱論壇6 C7 f7 _! n f1 Q0 j
With reference to the Proclamation which has appeared in the Newspapers of this Country, issued by you to Her Majesty’s Subjects in China, in which you declare the Island of Hong Kong to be annexed forever tot the British dominions, I have to observe to you that no part of the Territory belonging to one Sovereign can be ceded and made over to another Sovereign, except by a formal Treaty, ratified by the Sovereign by whom the cession is made, and that no Subject has the power to alienate any portion of the territory of his Sovereign. Consequently, the agreement made by Keshen that Hong Kong should be ceded to the British Crown, EVEN IF THAT AGREEMENT HAS BEEN RECORDED IN THE FORMAL SHAPE OF A TREATY, would have been of NO VALUE or force until it had been ratified by The Emperor of China. Your Proclamation was therefore ENTIRELY PREMATURE, inasmuch as it does not appear that any formal Treaty for the cession of Hong Kong had been signed between you and Keshen; and that all events, it is certain that at the time when you issued your Proclamation, no such Treaty, even if signed by Keshen, had been ratified by the Emperor.（大寫為筆者所加）5 H5 _& ^8 q w1 ^! i3 }
In ignorance of Captain Elliot’s proposals of Jan 8, 1841, it is impossible to state clearly what was agreed to on this point; but it would appear that the Island of Hong Kong had been ceded as a place of settlement; clogged, however, with a condition that all duties are to be paired there in the same manner as they have hitherto been paid at Whampoa; that is (it is presumed) that they should be assessed and collected at Hong Kong by Chinese officers. In fact, IT DOES NOT CLEARLY APPEAR THAT HONG KONG IS CEDED TO GREAT BRITAIN IN ABSOLUTE SOVEREIGNTY.（大寫為筆者所加） 4 h z/ R% O7 E8 utvb now,tvbnow,bttvb
F.O., London, April 21, 1841, Lord Palmerston to captain Elliot, R.N, 《International relation of the Chinese empire》, H.B. Morse, p.642. # f! \8 Z- `* Y! i. b5.39.217.76另有中文譯文： 3 H2 u0 M- p2 @8 H; R% w「你已經爭得香港的割讓，一處連一所房子都難找到的荒島；甚至這一種所謂的割讓，據我看，由於受種種條件的牽制，也不是一種非經皇帝簽署才能辦到的島嶼主權的割讓，而只是我們在那裏建一居留區的一種許可，其地位是同葡萄牙人在澳門所有的那一種制度一樣。」& ~9 b2 l A8 o+ w4 P# o
《中華帝國對外關係史》，第一卷，馬士著，第 728 頁。
F.O., London, May 14, 1841, Lord Palmerston to captain Elliot, R.N, 《International relation of the Chinese empire》, H.B. Morse, p.647.; K8 k3 Y* r: T5 O. N, X
另有中文譯文： ' `6 w/ J5 d% S0 ^5.39.217.76「除非是通過一項由進行割讓的君主所批准的正式條約，沒有一部份屬於一位君主的領土，能割讓予和轉讓給另一位君主，並且沒有一個臣民有權把他君主的領土任何部分割讓與人。因此，琦善所作的把香港割讓予英國君主的協議，縱使該恊議已經寫成一個條約的正式形式，但在中國皇帝予以批准之前，也不會有任何價值或效力的。在你和琦善之間，對於割讓香港一節，并不象是簽訂了任何正式條約，而已無論如何，我們可斷言在你發布通告的當時，這種條約即使經過琦善簽字，也絕不是已經由皇帝批准的，因此你的通告全然是為時太早。」5 x! m, ?" K5 s, q% G% h" c2 y
《中華帝國對外關係史》，第一卷，馬士著，第 735 頁。
STATEMENT, B. DEMANDS 4, 《International relation of the Chinese empire》, H.B. Morse, p. 646.
《巴麥尊子爵致大清皇帝欽命宰相書》是巴麥尊在1840年2月20日向清政府提出的正式要求：5.39.217.76' v% x9 c6 \4 V+ K
一、賠償被焚鴉片。 - O; T+ n! F( g公仔箱論壇二、中英官員平等交往。 5 B. m# o! Q4 K1 w8 J, X7 rTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。三、割讓沿海島嶼。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。2 T/ C3 j1 u* E1 |% ~* p
四、賠償商欠。 0 T9 B# e T! N( p5.39.217.76五、賠償軍費。 + X6 z& c! n' ]9 U+ S x另外，還有巴麥尊同日發給㦤律和義律的第一號訓令另外十項要求： ) x" _9 q" Q. Y; j8 F+ ]tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb一、中國開放廣州、廈門、福州、上海、寧波為通商囗岸。公仔箱論壇& A6 ]: n `3 _, h8 d% ]
二、英國政府可在各通商口岸派駐官員，與中國政府官員直接接觸。7 o+ l: {; L& W. G
三、割讓沿海島嶼。 ( j. k8 m; j4 J5 r1 Z- ^四、賠償被焚鴉片。 % F" k9 N# u) I9 j# `五、中國廢除行商制度，并賠償商欠。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb5 i# h# {' r: |% }* U0 F% v% z
六、賠償軍費。 9 K0 D$ H e1 f4 Y" `0 J七、未付清的賠款以年利百分之五計算；' v6 q$ @* F/ H1 h
八、條約為中國皇帝批准後，解除對中國沿海的封鎖；賠款全部付清後，英軍方撤離；4 l, D1 h/ Z! Z. J/ q
九、條約用英文和中文書寫，一式兩份，文義解釋以英文為主；tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb- {$ w5 d' N7 x4 S
十、條約在規定期限內由雙方君主批准。5.39.217.76, Z! m" @. g4 ^$ V
《天朝的崩潰》，茅海建著，第 206-207 頁。
The government of China is perfectly convinced that the Island of Hong Kong will not be yielded up, and if it suited the purposes or character of Her Majesty’s Government to accept it under any such modification as would save the appearance of its formal cession, and declaration were made that we were satisfied with that extent of territorial possession, they would be well content to adjust affairs at once. 6 s, a8 A# z) s
發表於 2016-1-27 02:09 AM
| 
tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb5 A: w3 r1 Q: c# t" l, j5 T; c1 G
tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb% t/ [$ X7 o( [# c$ Y
