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發表於 2011-7-5 12:25 PM | 只看該作者

世界媒體看中國：創新·教育·死衚同

本帖最後由 aa00 於 2011-7-5 12:32 PM 編輯 8 o9 u/ i" g% _" j+ m/ h( D" k' T

2011年 7月 04日
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。: p1 ?+ |% y7 k6 k/ N, q; K$ _0 ~

世界媒體看中國：創新·教育·死衚同8 f0 i* B  k, E# b# C4 r6 O
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記者: 齊之豐 | 華盛頓 tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb. o9 U& l. K8 j
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經過三十多年幾乎是持續不斷的高增長之後，中國經濟面臨可持續發展的挑戰。強行的計劃生育的推行，導致人口出生率劇降，人口迅速老齡化，使中國不再能像過去一樣依賴大量的廉價勞動力發展經濟。% z9 o; @2 g1 j+ b
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在近期的將來，中國將成為世界上第一個沒有富裕起來人口就進入老齡化的國家。眾多的老年人需要社會供養，但能提供供養的勞動人口大大萎縮。這種局面被中國國內外的許多人口專家稱為“人口定時炸彈，”“悲劇。”tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb" p6 m) h* I0 I0 a- e$ R$ L, W6 L

與此同時，不計環境代價的高能耗，高污染的經濟發展模式給中國的環境帶來災難性的破壞；而過去幾年靠大規模增加貨幣供應推動的經濟增長，又使中國有可能進入工資和通貨膨脹攀比上升的惡性迴圈，而這種局面將瓦解當局對經濟的掌控，從而引發社會動亂。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。( m$ p* b8 K# D- Y* |# Q% `6 `8 w

於是，中國政府的政策制訂者和中國國內外的經濟專家們都不約而同地想到了通過創新來擺脫中國經濟發展目前所面臨的困境。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb/ K% s+ A7 u' p) i
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所謂的創新，主要是指中國開創自己的名牌産品，從而減少投入，增加回報，提高勞動生産率，提高經濟效率。關於中國經濟創新的必要性，華盛頓郵報在去年5月25日發表的該報記者潘愛文（John Pomfret）一篇報導，依然是非常好的新聞，一點也不過時：
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“沒有自己的名牌，意味著中國只能充當全球出大力流大汗的工廠，而由海外的設計師和工程師收穫由此而來的利潤。舉例來説，蘋果公司的智慧手機iPhone大都是在中國製造的。假如一隻高檔的iPhone賣750美元，中國能掙到25美元就要謝天謝地了。中國生産的耐克運動鞋售價1美元，中國只能掙到其中的4美分。”TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。5 ^4 y$ w7 Q% P

“中國産業海外發展規劃協會秘書長范春永抱怨説，‘我們把大量的錢丟給了外國人，因為他們有品牌，我們沒有。我們製造的服裝是義大利、法國、德國設計的，因此，所有的利潤都離開了中國。......我們需要創造品牌，而且需要儘快創造。’”tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb- W* @& W% a) R$ h/ `3 V4 V/ `% w

潘愛文的報導接著説：“中國缺乏成功的創新，而是依賴拼湊別人想像、發明和設計的産品，從而使這個問題更加嚴重。不能創新意味著中國要持續向外國人償付鉅額的專利使用費和專利授權費。”
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既然開創自己的品牌對中國現在和將來的經濟發展如此重要，中國為什麼不趕緊好好開創呢？5.39.217.76. V3 l) G6 A! w7 e! y
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原來，開創品牌不像開自來水水龍頭一樣容易。新品牌必須是創意的産物。而創意的成批涌現，有賴於鼓勵、獎勵、保護創意的社會政治環境。中國經濟學者許小年6月23日在官方的《南方週末》發表文章，委婉地指出了當今中國缺乏這樣的社會政治環境：5.39.217.76$ X, c8 h$ x& [# Q: Z
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“可持續增長的關鍵是創新，創新帶來效率的提高，在資源使用數量不變的情況下也可實現經濟的增長。如（奧地利經濟學家）熊彼得所定義的，創新是新技術的大規模商業應用，創新者在市場上敏銳地捕捉新的商業機會，以出色的想像力預見性地開發出新産品，引導消費潮流和技術潮流，等待客戶與市場的承認。; N" q- O( d3 K

“創新的過程充滿了風險，為了激勵創新，要給創新者足夠的回報，為此社會必須保護創新者的智慧財産權，以及從智慧財産權獲得的巨大商業利益。社會也要創造一個寬鬆的環境，允許甚至鼓勵創新者個性的張揚，允許甚至鼓勵各種各樣的奇想。' G' S, M5 q4 S/ b; |4 L7 q

“由這些條件所決定，創新的主體只能是企業家而不是政府，創新的主戰場只能是市場而不是政府的辦公室，創新靠的是制度而不是政策和規劃。同樣從這些條件可知，傳統社會僅有發明而無創新，若想實現創新驅動的可持續經濟增長，社會轉型乃必要條件。”5.39.217.76) `! n  V+ \0 c. ?- }
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。1 p# X9 O* }4 S+ S: ?
作為經濟學者，從市場角度觀察問題，許小年在這裡説創新主體只能是企業家而不是政府。但從整個社會來看，創新的主體顯然只能是有創意、富有創造力的人。這些人必須得到充足的良好教育，他們接受的教育鼓勵他們突破窠臼，擺脫束縛，勇於探索，勇於創造，勇於創新。
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不幸的是，北京大學附屬中學國際部主任江學勤以及其他許多中外教育專家認為，中國的教育制度特長和特色恰恰是扼殺學生的創造性。7月2日，江學勤在日本出版的外交事務英文網路雜誌《外交家》上發表題為“中國如何扼殺創造性”的文章，簡明扼要地陳述了中國現行的教育制度扼殺學生創造性這個致命性問題：

“如今，人們或許會讚美中國的經濟，但不會讚美中國的創造性。中國的建築和藝術，音樂和電影大都是照葫蘆畫瓢。很多中國企業只是美國企業的摹本。中國最好學校或許出産世界上最好的考試能手，但美國最好的學校卻出産世界上最富有創意的能人。”

“最好的美國學校之所以被認為是最好，是因為那些學校激勵學生富有好奇心，對世間萬物感興趣，富有激情；中國最好的學校則以反其道而行之來獲得最好的學校的名聲。”
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“美國最好的教育機構給學生提供寬鬆安全的學習環境，讓學生通過閱讀書籍，發展必要的邏輯思辨力，從而能通過辯論和論説文寫作，分享集體的情感經驗，進而分享人類精微的感情經驗，從而讓學生獲得創造性。動態的學習環境，讓學生得以在美國很多的學校感受到喜悅和絕望，失望和欣喜。這些感情的起伏波動構成了創造性學習的過程，使之成為我們的神經構架，使這種學習過程變得如此開啟心智。”# J# M" v) j7 U8 T4 ^/ u
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“中國的學校則讓學生覺得精神緊張又乏味，因為學生被逼迫死記硬背各種事實以便考試拿高分。神經科學家們知道，精神緊張會阻礙大腦把經驗轉換成記憶的能力。而心理學家則知道，單純獎勵學生的考試表現會導致精神緊張，欺騙，厭學。但從最終的意義上説，從創造性的角度來看，中國的學校所作的最有害的事情就是使學習變成不要感情的經驗，從而把感情和記憶分開。”

“中國學生無論把什麼個人感情帶到課堂上，他們的感情都會迅速被撲滅。就像我先前所寫的那樣，從上學的第一天起，問問題的學生就會被迫閉嘴，那些膽敢表現個性的學生就會受到懲罰。”
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江學勤在這裡所説的中國學校，聽上去好像全部是被一幫堅信馬列主義信條的人控制著；這些人虎視眈眈緊盯著學生，隨時準備把學生的創造性萌芽掐掉，掐死。然而，無數的研究者指出，中國、蘇聯、朝鮮，或古巴這樣的共産黨國家扼殺學生的獨立思想和創造性，並非是因為執行教育政策的人恰巧都是一幫惡棍，而是因為他們擁有堅實的哲學理論，要他們實行扼殺。

20世紀的自由派思想大師，從漢娜·阿倫特、伊賽亞·柏林，到弗裏德里希·馮·哈耶克都指出，古往今來的專制獨裁政體之所以仇視獨立思想和創造性思想是基於一種知識的狂妄。專制統治者認為自己掌握了終極的真理，跟他們所認定的真理相左的思想和個人都屬於旁門左道，會阻礙社會認同並實現真理。為了真理的實現，這些人，這些思想需要改造甚至消滅。

當今中國依然屬於專制獨裁政體。中國共産黨政權依然在堅持其已故的領袖毛澤東所驕傲宣佈的“人民民主獨裁”。就在江學勤發表文章痛批中國學校扼殺學生獨立思想和創造性的文章之前不久，江學勤所屬的先前以思想自由著稱的北京大學發出通知，要求對“思想偏激”和“生活獨立”學生進行個別的監督和監視。

這一消息在中國網際網路上披露出來，立即引起顯然大波。有人哀嘆北京大學徹底墮落，精神死亡；也有人哀嘆中國青年一代的思想自由被正式宣判死刑。有關的辯論最後不了了之。顯然，中共宣傳部門下令不得繼續進行這類有可能危及中共思想控制的辯論。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb: ?1 y9 m- g, \# S& j( ^

與此同時，中國在呼籲創新，為了經濟的可持續發展，為了突破目前的經濟困境。
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全世界在觀看，堅持嚴密思想控制下的創新究竟是一條死衚同，還是人類社會經濟發展的一條嶄新途徑。5.39.217.767 N+ z2 F: I5 c: d  m. N/ M
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來源 / 版權所有：  以上所述媒体 / 美國之音
(以上内容摘自或摘译自其它媒体 / 美國之音，不代表發帖者观点)公仔箱論壇* S% |! O6 m! Y) g9 z
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發表於 2011-7-5 12:31 PM | 只看該作者

Beijing tries to push beyond 'Made in China' status to find name-brand innovation+ ~8 b2 T+ k, v- k$ v9 Q* n* y

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By John Pomfret
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Washington Post Staff Writer
Tuesday, May 25, 2010; A01

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Quick: Think of a Chinese brand name.

TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。$ k% ]0 _9 ?0 U; c9 y; `# E0 k" x# ]: p
Japan has Sony. Mexico has Corona. Germany has BMW. South Korea? Samsung. 公仔箱論壇# s3 I: j) a: H' f/ h9 E
And China has . . . ?
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If you're stumped, you're not alone. And for China, that is an enormous problem.
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TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。' E' a& W6 M- u$ z5 P  V( K
Last year, China overtook Germany to become the world's largest exporter, and this year it could surpass Japan as the world's No. 2 economy. But as China gains international heft, its lack of global brands threatens its dream of becoming a superpower. + y& p& v0 ?3 o% f7 `1 c* B

No big marquee brands means China is stuck doing the global grunt work in factory cities while designers and engineers overseas reap the profits. Much of Apple's iPhone, for example, is made in China. But if a high-end version costs $750, China is lucky to hold on to $25. For a pair of Nikes, it's four pennies on the dollar.
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"We've lost a bucketload of money to foreigners because they have brands and we don't," complained Fan Chunyong, the secretary general of the China Industrial Overseas Development and Planning Association. "Our clothes are Italian, French, German, so the profits are all leaving China. . . . We need to create brands, and fast." 5.39.217.766 S( O4 N# |5 b) Y& D

The problem is exacerbated by China's lack of successful innovation and its reliance on stitching and welding together products that are imagined, invented and designed by others. A failure to innovate means China is trapped paying enormous amounts in patent royalties and licensing fees to foreigners who are.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。+ j  Q5 [4 s6 l* [

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China's government has responded in typically lavish fashion, launching a multibillion-dollar effort to create brands, encourage innovation and protect its market from foreign domination. 9 T' G/ T" j. y: Z5 [  J) P7 t
Through tax breaks and subsidies, China has embraced what it calls "a going-out strategy," backing firms seeking to buy foreign businesses, snap up natural resources or expand their footprint overseas.

Domestically, it has launched the "indigenous innovation" program to encourage its companies to manufacture high-tech goods by forcing foreign firms to hand over their trade secrets and patents if they want to sell their products there. 2 W7 {$ n& E' t; ?7 F

Since 2007, thousands of Chinese businessmen have attended government-sponsored seminars on "going out," learning everything from how to do battle with domineering Americans and Britons during conference calls to why a Chinese boss should think twice about publicly humiliating his wayward foreign workers -- as he'd do to his staff at home. " A& m8 g- V5 V# M2 m  d
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China has also moved to re-brand China itself. Late last year, when memories of China's poisoned pet food and deadly milk were still fresh, the Ministry of Commerce contracted with the global advertising giant DDB for a $300,000 ad showing a series of high-tech products, from top-of-the-line running shoes to an iPod. TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。! Z0 W3 A$ J& |% v
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As a guitar wails, a voice intones: "When it says 'Made in China,' what it really means is made in China, made with the world."

TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。  G5 P6 D1 a1 v  V2 R
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In recent months, the Western media have hyperventilated with stories about China's going-out strategy and about Chinese firms buying up the globe -- Oil! Gas! Cars! -- and even investing in the United States. In 2000, China had $28 billion in overseas investments; this year, it could break $200 billion.

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But a little perspective: Even if China's total foreign direct investment hits $200 billion, it still pales in comparison to smaller economies, such as Singapore's, Russia's and Brazil's. And China has plunked down only about $17 billion in rich countries, equivalent to the overseas assets of a single medium-ranked Fortune 500 company. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb- Q) k$ {! c& o# r' f

The 34 Chinese companies on the Fortune 500 list basically operate in China only. The world's three biggest banks are Chinese, but none is among the world's top 50, ranked by the extent of their geographical spread. 1 `) }/ T9 ]1 b1 L0 r4 Q

"Moving forward another 10 years," said Kenneth J. DeWoskin, chairman of Deloitte's China Research and Insight Center, "it's hard to see how viable Chinese companies will be if they just stay in China."

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China's attempts to fight what it sees as the stranglehold of foreign patents and intellectual property rights have also had hiccups.

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China is estimated to have paid foreign firms more than $100 billion in royalties to use mobile telephone technology developed in the West, according to executives of Western communications companies. 公仔箱論壇) W3 B/ {) H, W% {, E2 X
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So in the late 1990s, it decided to develop its own. But after more than $30 billion in development costs, its unique technology still has fewer than 20 million users in a market of more than 500 million.

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Handset makers have told China's government that they won't produce phones equipped with the new technology unless they are given subsidies. And China has resorted to giving away the technology to Romania and South Korea to encourage broader use. 5.39.217.768 l! P0 z) m0 X' H# s3 m& G2 \" _
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"China is still stuck," said Joerg Wuttke, former president of the European Union Chamber of Commerce in China and a 25-year veteran of doing business in China. "There is a huge disconnect between the money spent in universities and the lack of products." 4 b' l/ m( R" H3 K2 Z' r4 w

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China also faces enormous challenges to creating globalized firms. Studies of Chinese executives show that they spend far more time with government officials -- who in China are the key to their profits -- than with customers, who are the key to international success. TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。; i1 d/ Q. f3 v" j4 t0 g

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"Chinese executives like me need to spend a generation outside China to learn how business is done around the world," said Hua Dongyi, who chairs a massive Chinese mining company in Australia but has also built roads in Algeria and infrastructure in Sudan. TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。! J* c) Z% }8 D

That's definitely true for Hua. In April, he was forced to apologize to his Australian workers after he told Chinese media that the workers were money-grubbing and lacked the "loyalty and sense of responsibility existing in many Chinese enterprises." tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb2 N; {: X# s/ s+ ~' u4 l3 J

Lenovo's lessons' K7 I, f- @( B# h1 D6 c* I
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The Chinese computer maker Lenovo, which bought IBM's ThinkPad in 2004, wasn't the first Chinese company to acquire a big foreign brand, but it's still considered the pioneer. ; x. _* G% b4 A4 ^2 f, n
That's probably because China's other forays into buying foreign brands have ended in disaster. An attempt by the Chinese electronics firm TCL to become the world's biggest TV manufacturer in 2003 fizzled when its French subsidiary lost $250 million.

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A move by a private Chinese company to take over a once-dominant U.S. lawn mower company, Murray Outdoor Power Equipment, ended in bankruptcy because, among other mistakes, the Chinese firm didn't realize that Americans tend to buy mowers mostly in the spring.
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Lenovo purchased IBM's laptop division for $1.25 billion -- a gutsy move considering that IBM's renowned ThinkPad brand lost $1 billion from 2000-2004, twice Lenovo's total profit during that time. 9 O# y( R6 O) k
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Although Lenovo's move was portrayed by many in the West as a sign of China's rise, Lenovo acted out of desperation, said Yang Yuanqing, who has been a senior executive at Lenovo since it was founded in the 1980s with government funds. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb' k, U- g/ f4 n/ j3 T
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Lenovo was losing market share in China. Its technology was middling. It had no access to foreign markets. With one swoop, Lenovo internationalized, purchased a famous brand and got a warehouse of technology as well.
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But from the start, things were tough.
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Lenovo's American competitors fanned anti-Chinese flames in Congress, insinuating that Lenovo could insert spyware into the computers it was selling to the U.S. government. The firm also faced enormous challenges bridging cultural divides among U.S. workers at its Raleigh, N.C., headquarters, the Japanese who made ThinkPads and the Chinese who made Lenovos.
William Amelio, the firm's second chief executive who had been lured from a top job at Dell, remembers his first trip to Beijing as the new Lenovo boss in late 2005. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb4 x0 R" K/ E  H2 K5 M7 y/ y4 ~
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"I was greeted with rose petals and the red carpet treatment and company songs. In Raleigh, everyone's armed were crossed. It was like, 'Who died and left you the boss?' " he said. "You had the respect for power in the East and the disdain for authority in the West." tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb6 Y+ y* @$ D9 s6 f
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Meanwhile, Lenovo's competitors were moving. In 2007, Acer, the computer powerhouse from Taiwan, snapped up the European computer maker Gateway, effectively cutting Lenovo off from European customers. Lenovo slipped to fourth place worldwide behind HP, Dell and Acer. 公仔箱論壇- q! K$ d/ L- ^2 w8 q. L1 v
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Then the global financial crisis hit, and Lenovo, which sold a large percentage of computers to businesses, was hit hard.

Lenovo responded by following the lead of an increasing number of Chinese firms: returning to its roots. Yuan Yuanqing was reappointed its chief executive and refocused Lenovo on the company's one bright spot: the China market. Sales skyrocketed, despite lackluster performance overseas.
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Lenovo, according to Bob O'Donnell, a longtime expert on personal computers at IDC, "became a Chinese company again." TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。8 A" F* `. K2 [, \

Still, analysts said Lenovo's rocky foreign adventure saved the company.
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Lenovo might not have much of a brand overseas, but its association with a foreign firm has helped it in China. Lenovo's computers routinely command twice the price in China that they do in the United States. Lenovo offers its top-of-the-line ThinkPad W700 to the Chinese government at $12,500; in the United States, it runs for $2,500.

Chinese officials pushing the going-out strategy have looked at Lenovo as a model for Chinese firms seeking to become known multinational brands. But for China's companies, going out might be the secret to staying alive at home. $ b! {+ C% e5 x2 |

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This year, the Chinese car company Geely bought Volvo from Ford. Pundits figured it was to expand China's economic heft -- and its brands -- overseas. But as Geely's founder, Li Shufu, put it, "Volvo will find a new home market in China."

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來源 / 版權所有：  The Washington Post5.39.217.763 b& X) B( ]4 I5 m  d$ s
(以上内容摘自或摘译自 The Washington Post，不代表發帖者观点)

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發表於 2011-7-5 12:40 PM | 只看該作者

How China Kills Creativity5.39.217.762 a- b: t* M5 ]  {* P

By Jiang Xueqin

July 2, 2011TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。5 M3 E* J  T2 \4 [/ H
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Nowadays people may admire China’s economy, but not Chinese creativity. Chinese architecture and art, music and movies are derivative, and many a Chinese enterprise is merely a carbon copy of an American one. China’s best schools may produce the world’s best test-takers, but the United States’ best schools produce the world’s most creative talent.
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In his book The Social Animal, David Brooks outlines the four-step learning process that teaches students to be creative: knowledge acquisition (research), internalization (familiarity with material), self-questioning and examination (review and discussion), and the ordering and mastery of this knowledge (thesis formulation and essay writing).

However, this isn’t a linear process, Brooks points out, which means that the learner ‘(surfs) in and out of his unconscious, getting the conscious and unconscious processes to work together – first mastering core knowledge, then letting that knowledge marinate playfully in his mind, then wilfully trying to impose order on it, then allowing the mind to consolidate and merge the data, then returning and returning until some magical insight popped into his consciousness, and then riding that insight to a finished product.’

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‘The process was not easy, but each ounce of effort and each moment of frustration and struggle pushed the internal construction project another little step,’ David Brooks continues. ‘By the end, (the learner) was seeing the world around him in a new way.’

But what permits our brains to turn a chaotic sea of random facts and knowledge into an island of calm understanding? Believe it or not, it’s our emotions that permit us ultimately to become creative thinkers. In his book The Accidental Mind, the neuroscientist David J. Linden explains how emotions organize our memories:

‘In our lives, we have a lot of experiences and many of these we will remember until we die. We have many mechanisms for determining which experiences are stored (where were you on 9/11?) and which are discarded (what did you have for dinner exactly 1 month ago?). Some memories will fade with time and some will be distorted by generalization (can you distinctly remember your seventeenth haircut?). We need a signal to say, “This is an important memory. Write this down and underline it.” That signal is emotion. When you have feelings of fear or joy or love or anger or sadness, these mark your experiences as being particularly meaningful…These are the memories that confer your individuality. And that function, memory indexed by emotion, more than anything else, is what a brain is good for.’

What this means is that memories are ultimately emotional experiences, and that effectively learning must involve the learner emotionally. The very best US schools are seen as such because they inspire their students to be curious, interested, and excited; China’s very best schools gain their reputation by doing the opposite.

Thinking is the conscious effort of applying our memories to understand a new external stimulus, and creativity is asserting individual control over this process to create a synthesis between memory and stimuli. In other words, thinking is really about applying previous emotional experiences to understand a new emotional experience, whilst creativity is the mixing of old and new emotional experiences to a create an entirely new and original emotional experience.

The best US education institutions endow students with creativity by providing a relaxed and secure learning environment in which students share in the refined emotional experiences of humanity by reading books and developing the logic necessary to share in collective emotional experiences through debate and essay writing. A dynamic learning environment allows students at many US schools to feel joy and despair, frustration and triumph, and it’s these ups and downs that encode the creative learning process into our neural infrastructure and make it so transformative.

A Chinese school is both a stressful and stale place, forcing students to remember facts in order to excel in tests. Neuroscientists know that stress hampers the ability of the brain to convert experience into memory, and psychologists know that rewarding students solely for test performance leads to stress, cheating, and disinterest in learning. But ultimately, the most harmful thing that a Chinese school does, from a creativity perspective, is the way in which it separates emotion from memory by making learning an unemotional experience.

Whatever individual emotions Chinese students try to bring into the classroom, they are quickly stamped out. As I have previously written, from the first day of school, students who ask questions are silenced and those who try to exert any individuality are punished. What they learn is irrelevant and de-personalized, abstract and distant, further removing emotion from learning. If any emotion is involved, it’s pain. But the pain is so constant and monotonous (scolding teachers, demanding parents, mindless memorization, long hours of sitting in a cramped classroom) that it eventually ceases to be an emotion.

To understand the consequences of Chinese pedagogy, consider the example of ‘Solomon Shereshevskii, a Russian journalist born in 1886, who could remember everything,’ whom David Brooks writes about in The Social Animal:

‘In one experiment, researchers showed Shereshevskii a complex formula of thirty letters and numbers on a piece of paper. Then they put the paper in a box and sealed it for fifteen years. When they took the paper out, Shereshevskii could remember it exactly…Shereshevskii could remember, but he couldn’t distil. He lived in a random blizzard of facts, but could not organize them into repeating patterns. Eventually he couldn’t make sense of metaphors, similes, poems, or even complex sentences.’

Shereshevskii had a neural defect that prohibited his brain from prioritizing, synthesizing, and controlling his memories to permit him to formulate an understanding of self and the world. Like many a Chinese student today, he could experience, but he could not feel.

Chinese schools are producing a nation of Shereshevskiis, students with photographic memory and instant recall, but who can never be creative.

Image credit: Aaron Huo tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb' G* W0 @2 N- X+ M' i1 o1 s

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來源 / 版權所有：《外交家》 5.39.217.76' y* k+ [3 ^/ g! H5 x- P5 Q5 U
(以上内容摘自或摘译自《外交家》，不代表發帖者观点)

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發表於 2011-7-5 12:53 PM | 只看該作者

Chinese students screened for 'radical thoughts' and 'independent lifestyles' 3 e) p I- N/ g) J. Z" m1 H, V
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Scheme at Peking University in Beijing angers undergraduates and prompts comparison with Cultural Revolution
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Monday 28 March 2011 5.39.217.76" I0 u p% n& X- i

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A recruitment drive for new students at Peking University. 'We've noticed ... some students having radical thoughts and bigoted character,' said spokesman Zha Jing. Photograph: Robert Saiget/AFP/Getty Images0 L; L( W9 K  ?2 k: V' z* l

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One of China's most prestigious universities has announced plans to screen all students and identify those with "radical thoughts" or "independent lifestyles", provoking angry reactions from undergraduates and comparisons to the Cultural Revolution.6 Y+ F0 A5 p9 G/ L' `% z
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Administrators at Peking University say their focus is on helping those with academic problems. But the institution's announcement identifies nine other categories of "target students" – including people with internet addiction, psychological fragility, illness and poverty, plus those prone to radical thinking and independent or "eccentric" lifestyles.' Y: @4 r1 a" {
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It adds: "The objective of the consultation programme is to help individual students achieve an all-around and healthy development." It says officials should respect students' individual differences but they must "address ideological problems and practical issues" and help to guide them.5.39.217.76! _* [- a( x& l0 X( D4 C
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Zha Jing, deputy director of the office of student affairs, insisted the university was not trying to punish or control students but to "create an environment for healthy growth".tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb6 k$ E  e8 C1 z! e* ~8 _

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Zha said: "We've noticed ... some students having radical thoughts and bigoted character and encountering difficulties in interpersonal communication, social adaptiveness and their studies. They cannot analyse and handle their problems in daily life in a rational and manifold way.

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"For example, they cannot get on well with roommates, cannot handle love setbacks in a calm way and cannot adapt to career life after graduation."
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Earlier, when asked about students with "radical thoughts", he told the Beijing Evening News: "For instance, some students criticised the university just because the food price in the canteen was raised by 2 jiao [2p]."TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。0 _5 C$ ~9 e6 F' l5 Z6 u

While some students have voiced support for the university, others are furious. One student told the Beijing Evening News that the college where the scheme had been piloted was known for liberal thinking, but that the new rules would make people think it wanted to cage its students' minds.

Peking University has a similar standing to Oxford or Cambridge but, unlike those institutions, has a reformist reputation: its students played a crucial role in the 4 May movement of 1919 and the 1989 pro-democracy Tiananmen Square demonstrations.! Q# W& S: v4 G+ y7 g' X

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Zhang Ming, a politics professor at Renmin University, also in Beijing, said: "For a university to see a student having radical thoughts or independent thinking as a bad thing that has to be punished, is terrible.
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"College students are all young and energetic – it is normal for them to have differentiated, active thoughts. It is their right to be radical. If a university punishes this, the university is morally degenerating."Xiong Bingqi, deputy director of the 21st Century education research institute in Beijing, told China Daily: "The university is somewhere to cultivate people's independent personalities and thinking, so it's totally wrong for Peking University to intervene in students' freedom to express their different opinions."

A university spokesman told the Guardian that all interviews had to be requested seven days in advance. The ministry of education has not responded to faxed queries.5.39.217.76" t. B: ~* ]8 g, ~8 A
The scheme has been piloted in a college at the university since November. It is due to be rolled out in May, although a statement posted on Monday. {7 u9 s# W( M' I

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來源 / 版權所有：  英國《衛報》公仔箱論壇7 F4 i( F2 u% U$ E+ [5 p2 U
(以上内容摘自或摘译自  英國《衛報》，不代表發帖者观点)

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