本帖最後由 bchew 於 2009-12-22 09:32 AM 編輯 5 ]+ F0 m! m# ?' J7 D/ _7 {
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。, M7 D' w! u0 U. F4 k1 d
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People have become significant earth movers, outpacing all sources of natural erosion. More and more ' ?+ s' s+ ?! Y% G0 P" R' i/ R
of our footprint can be seen from space in many forms, including cities, reservoirs,agriculture and ( G' T: A: u1 [* ~ O: D4 G+ Z0 W
deforestation. Among the most impressive human scars on the planet are open-pit mines.
) r ?* F" I3 X1 R* yWe’ve gathered some of the biggest, most spectacular and interesting mines, as captured by
6 n% d9 m% @& r- K( t) Vastronauts and satellites on the following pages.
7 P( v6 Z; |0 A# V$ w4 ^tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。/ C' u. }$ T# T6 U. r
Above: Berkeley Pit, Butte, Montana7 k! j& |* ?4 Z7 J
This former copper mine operated between 1955 and 1982. Gold and silver were also mined.
4 L0 y. p" k/ [; Y; }! \5.39.217.76An elaborate system of pumps and drains kept the local water level low enough for mining. 公仔箱論壇* C, F8 h+ _7 I5 S2 I
Today, the 1,780 foot-deep pit is filled with around 900 feet of very contaminated water filled
`" {8 g- p6 g- x5 J& q) _9 F# D9 wwith metals and chemicals such as arsenic, cadmium, pyrite, zinc,copper and sulfuric acid. The
; v. [) p2 ^: Mwater can be as acidic as battery acid,and copper can actually be “mined” directly from the water.
) }+ O" m) _' |& oCurrently, the 1-mile-by-0.5-mile pit is listed as a federal Superfund site with the potential to
5 a8 u6 _4 l& R' o$ W5 i$ k: pcontaminate surrounding ground water, and,surprisingly, is also a tourist attraction, complete
. C8 B% X( n' q2 C5.39.217.76with gift shop and$2 admission fee.
L3 E: N2 N/ q/ T: X5.39.217.76This photograph was taken Aug. 2, 2006, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station.
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+ U# f6 o& Q/ s! R5 k3 T- ntvb now,tvbnow,bttvb TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。0 e, x7 G7 f: b4 _4 L' u* }/ S0 n G
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Escondida Mine, Chile
. |6 i1 p6 W1 f3 t. Q3 xThe Escondida mine, opened in 1990 at 10,000 feet in northern Chile’s Atacama desert, currently produces ! u6 {2 z6 v& ]
more copper than any other mine in the world, with 1.5 million tons in 2007, worth more than $10 billion and
$ \" \* A1 w3 Z$ | `8 YTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。representing nearly a tenth of world copper production. More than 6,000 people work at the mine.9 B, q- p$ V" ~9 P* A
This image was captured in 2000 by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer
9 Y3 ~" [! g; P0 B1 |) Daboard NASA’s Terra satellite.5.39.217.760 q( Z! R1 g6 U. J8 [9 r+ G
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, B1 q3 T) J4 ?& ZTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。) J( B7 ~% Y% a/ K3 r
Bingham Canyon Mine, Utah
* `6 V! a: h3 ntvb now,tvbnow,bttvbLocated 20 miles outside Salt Lake City in the Oquirrh Mountains, the Bingham Canyon copper pit has produced " F3 i" [! a6 B- t/ O9 W
more than 18million tons of copper over its lifetime, more than any other mine in the world. The pit is about 2.75 + y, L6 x* F. ~4 u, R$ ~5 t
miles wide and 4,000 feet deep. Two Empire State buildings stacked one on top of the the other wouldn’t reach tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb" B" G' x* d8 k1 l: u
the top. By 2015, the mine will be 500 feet deeper, and a third Empire State building will fit inside. The terraces
- B& f% h+ P' U. y2 ^: eTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。inside the pit,which provide a base for the digging equipment and also stabilize the slopes, can be more than 80
) J, ]/ _, \6 p. h5.39.217.76feet high. Opened in 1904, the site has been named a historic landmark.
3 ?& @' z( X8 Q: u; w4 xTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。This photograph was taken Sept. 20, 2007, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station with a digital tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb7 |- ?& d: O) o$ K
camera and an 800mm lens.
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Yuba River Goldfields, California.
. Q9 t7 o/ ]" e; o公仔箱論壇The Yuba Goldfields are a strange culmination of years of pressure-jet mining for gold upstream in the Sierra Nevada, 6 N7 F% f& y, b; s
dredging the tailings out of the river, and mining the tailings for gold and then later for gravel. The result is an odd
& `. t# S! @( E. |公仔箱論壇landscape of reddish-brown and gray hills of gravel with water-filled ravines in between.
2 P4 ^& O1 k+ w2 S4 X公仔箱論壇Shortly after gold was discovered in the Sierra Nevadain 1848, panning gave way to highly destructive hydraulic
/ ~/ i& T- _. ^6 `TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。mining, which involves blasting sediment away with high-powered jets of water. Gold was extracted from the gravel,
0 R( w/ \; J1 R公仔箱論壇which was then dumped and carried downstream by rivers into the Sacramento Valley. The Yuba River ended up with ' p! G" [9 z$ C( W5 x
685 million cubic feet of the mine waste, which raised the level of the river, overflowed the banks and buried farms.( Z0 I( D- H b
Dredging of the Yuba began in 1893, and soon after,mining companies began to sift and re sift through the debris to
/ w4 g( a: X3 L& u# p) \8 Jtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbextract ever-smaller bits of gold. By 1970, all economically feasible gold removal had been completed, and mining of the 5.39.217.764 a2 w5 ^4 h/ i- D) ^' ] Y( ^
gravel for concrete began. Today, ownership of the land is disputed among mining companies, private owners and the government.; k, S! G0 D9 Q: q$ G4 G/ m4 Z4 u
This image was taken by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra satellite Aug. 29, 2001.5.39.217.76. b* b9 d! n- L/ G( ^: \
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Toquepala Copper Mine, Perutvb now,tvbnow,bttvb' G/ p0 W, a6 v) ]9 e
Located in the Andes Mountains in southern Peru, the Toquepala mine is 1.5 miles wide and 2,300 feet deep. % `* m) v, F8 U. g* d% a" T. a l6 v5 I
The mine’s main output is copper, but it also produces gold, silver and molybdenum. The railroad that was
, B; t" Y2 n* t) Z4 M( ~* wtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbconstructed to carry the ore 60 miles to the coast can be seen winding down a canyon left of the center,
# C, N$ \, e, D5 k' u [- ttvb now,tvbnow,bttvbheading southwest from the mine. This image was captured by astronauts aboard the International Space 5.39.217.76! V; ]6 ^& X# p* s; N* I
Station on Sept. 22, 2003.公仔箱論壇3 |% x1 `0 x# P2 E# q) l
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2 }" O6 U4 |: W M5.39.217.76Freeport Mine, Indonesiatvb now,tvbnow,bttvb8 a6 v' ~$ {/ h& L# R* A* v/ J1 K- x
The Freeport Mine, also known as the Grasberg complex,is a huge mining operation in Indonesia’s Sudirman 5.39.217.76* C4 |1 w. [3 j; e' Y N
Mountains. Copper was discovered here in 1936, and gold was first found in 1988. Today,the mine is one of ' c- d: o! t p4 O! e% r5 F K. L) v
the largest gold- and copper-extraction operations in the world. The open pit is 2.5 miles wide, and there is
+ L; T/ Z$ W$ Q' R. p5.39.217.76extensive underground mining in the area as well. Glaciers are also visible in the image.5.39.217.76$ F% ]5 s7 C& i& j4 v& k
This photograph was taken June 25, 2005, by astronauts on the International Space Station.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。* ^, o, P) X* ?& E% ~: _
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Cananea Mine, Mexico
+ R: h6 S) P5 F. {TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。The Cananea mine is located 25 miles south of the United States border in Sonora, Mexico. The active Colorada 5.39.217.763 Z$ B: H3 g3 p4 u% Q0 M
Pit in the upper right is 1.6 miles across. It is one of the largest copper producers in the world and also contains
( e6 w+ j% i/ h! m3 V& e: }% [TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。gold. Those two metals are often found together where hot magma forced its way up into the overlying bedrock. : z7 G+ j0 m, T8 v7 K+ a( v6 {
The magma crystallized there while hot fluids circulated through it and into fractures in the surrounding rock,altering 公仔箱論壇- h% W2 O( d6 R/ Z8 }. k$ b4 F1 ]
the rock to produce copper-rich minerals and gold.
9 ^0 G' ]7 l G6 I" r; m5.39.217.76A 1906 miner’s strike at Cananea turned violent and resulted in 19 deaths, contributing to events that led to the ' W$ N! [0 ?0 V: \' u2 N" S p( Q, W
Mexican Revolution in 1910. Another strike stopped work at the mine in 2007.
" B, z t7 ?* {& u% I+ D. Q" Atvb now,tvbnow,bttvbThis image was taken by astronauts aboard the International Space Station on March 3, 2008.
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Phosphate Mines, Jordan
% ~/ }0 A3 o% W' m8 V/ q( W; KPhosphate mining is an important industry in Jordan,which has abundant deposits of the mineral on approximately 60
O2 @. V' b6 m; i( q# ]percent of its territory. Phosphorus is essential to living things, and food can’t be produced without it. Some scientists tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb* ^8 u3 m" W$ h1 w
fear a shortage of this critical resource is impending and have predicted the world will reach “Peak Phosphorus,” the
- ^" T$ b. w" I/ P5 Y8 `2 N( CTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。point at which production will begin to decline, just 30 years from now. There is currently no synthetic alternative.
0 g$ K; ~' a% I+ B& ]2 lThis image was capture by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra
3 k0 _' [9 x$ Z- ?5 u公仔箱論壇satellite Sept. 17, 2005. It is a false-color composite of visible and infrared images. Vegetation appears red, water is 5.39.217.76. A+ _6 b# u: K' t; u
blue, and rock and soil can be anywhere from buff to black. The mining operation is the area just left of center in the , Y4 o( b9 U6 o* K1 N
lower part of the image that appears striped.
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5 e7 ?0 N3 i6 H- `+ }5 W0 wTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。! V- m3 Q0 ?$ O) m4 o- q' v. `4 b* r
( T }# H8 g3 z5.39.217.76New Cornelia Mine, Arizona
/ ^0 h0 Y$ E% ]( c8 X9 | `4 NCopper was first mined from this area just south of the mining town of Ajo, Arizona, around 1750. The open-pit mine pictured TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。; r. c6 |7 b& T
above began being excavated in earnest in 1912. It was shut down in 1983 when the price of copper dropped. The scalloped tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb. i' u# b* R, ]* s* U1 h+ J
land just to the right of the mine is covered in tailings, and the large gray rectangles above that are containment ponds where 5.39.217.76. c, _( ?) g( L$ \" b* M
the metal was extracted.
9 W3 K4 {2 C" g) q5 M" K/ ZTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
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H5 ^" l8 X) |+ Z+ UHambach Coal Mines, Germany
H0 y j% |* @7 |公仔箱論壇The bright white-and-dark-blue–striped areas on the right side of this image are opencast coal mines in mid western Germany.
i% e, K0 J- Y3 W2 ^ {1 \; QTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。One of the mines is currently being worked by the Bagger 293, the largest machine in the world.The bucket-wheel excavator TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。, Q2 H) x- B- P" e$ [
is twice as long as a soccer field and a stall as a 30-story building, and digs up 30 million tons of lignite per year.
% x: R: A, t2 j4 B5.39.217.76This image, captured by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer aboard NASA’s Terra satellite # T* Y; D7 P* d7 B' [' s
Aug. 26, 2000, is a simulated natural-color image. The bright-green rectangular patches are crops, the gray patches are TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。! u, W$ J" A" Z, G: L
bare ground, and the bluish-gray areas are towns.
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