本帖最後由 bchew 於 2009-12-22 09:32 AM 編輯 tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb& `- {6 F6 S: S0 j
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People have become significant earth movers, outpacing all sources of natural erosion. More and more
% J! ~2 E0 J7 i' Z/ H8 q公仔箱論壇of our footprint can be seen from space in many forms, including cities, reservoirs,agriculture and 5.39.217.761 |# [2 \3 O9 z# P' v
deforestation. Among the most impressive human scars on the planet are open-pit mines.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。! n4 Z' p$ g* ^4 n* G6 |
We’ve gathered some of the biggest, most spectacular and interesting mines, as captured by 5.39.217.766 y& K6 r. b1 z# I& [* d3 H% s! v
astronauts and satellites on the following pages.
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Above: Berkeley Pit, Butte, MontanaTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。7 {. `7 |) \ M
This former copper mine operated between 1955 and 1982. Gold and silver were also mined. TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。+ x$ F% s* g' E! X; R. E# S* r
An elaborate system of pumps and drains kept the local water level low enough for mining. TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。3 k9 `% x+ a" e
Today, the 1,780 foot-deep pit is filled with around 900 feet of very contaminated water filled
, V: _2 V1 Y- n5.39.217.76with metals and chemicals such as arsenic, cadmium, pyrite, zinc,copper and sulfuric acid. The 5.39.217.767 J- O" y1 `) f9 I
water can be as acidic as battery acid,and copper can actually be “mined” directly from the water.
" \9 V( ^8 P0 ^9 u( {4 ACurrently, the 1-mile-by-0.5-mile pit is listed as a federal Superfund site with the potential to tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb: O! N1 J+ A; m# i+ ?! a
contaminate surrounding ground water, and,surprisingly, is also a tourist attraction, complete
`7 s* w$ [+ d4 M! j/ h. M* kTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。with gift shop and$2 admission fee.$ v! z. L2 `% y* P% d! p, w
This photograph was taken Aug. 2, 2006, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station.
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Escondida Mine, Chile
( R- s$ h1 W" n3 b; lThe Escondida mine, opened in 1990 at 10,000 feet in northern Chile’s Atacama desert, currently produces
6 c7 F R$ L: ~* e4 X& v# stvb now,tvbnow,bttvbmore copper than any other mine in the world, with 1.5 million tons in 2007, worth more than $10 billion and
! ^/ a* L0 w& {& Z; w* `tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbrepresenting nearly a tenth of world copper production. More than 6,000 people work at the mine.5.39.217.76) Q& k6 c/ x" r' h; _: K
This image was captured in 2000 by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer
9 k% L& Q0 j% ^9 f/ O5.39.217.76aboard NASA’s Terra satellite.
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Bingham Canyon Mine, Utah
4 w, ^: A8 g" ~; M8 z/ LLocated 20 miles outside Salt Lake City in the Oquirrh Mountains, the Bingham Canyon copper pit has produced
! C7 p- ^9 w- W7 I) y& W) iTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。more than 18million tons of copper over its lifetime, more than any other mine in the world. The pit is about 2.75 ; t- K9 p7 c- v* X' f
miles wide and 4,000 feet deep. Two Empire State buildings stacked one on top of the the other wouldn’t reach TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。# W- f& m4 \/ `' Y' r) n
the top. By 2015, the mine will be 500 feet deeper, and a third Empire State building will fit inside. The terraces & Q* I8 r" n6 r+ t( k& L5 V
inside the pit,which provide a base for the digging equipment and also stabilize the slopes, can be more than 80
. \) ]& n8 |' Y公仔箱論壇feet high. Opened in 1904, the site has been named a historic landmark.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb+ q* Z) L7 g! z y" w, N
This photograph was taken Sept. 20, 2007, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station with a digital 公仔箱論壇1 e/ n9 I2 f \+ G' s4 r
camera and an 800mm lens.
4 v. Y- B: k3 b* x, [. O公仔箱論壇" W7 m" _, P4 ]! W6 \
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Yuba River Goldfields, California.
; w+ i* R4 \0 PThe Yuba Goldfields are a strange culmination of years of pressure-jet mining for gold upstream in the Sierra Nevada, , A# f- ?0 [: m( Y( v" k
dredging the tailings out of the river, and mining the tailings for gold and then later for gravel. The result is an odd
7 {4 T0 Q7 q+ t5.39.217.76landscape of reddish-brown and gray hills of gravel with water-filled ravines in between.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。4 i1 `3 `0 V* P! n6 s9 A |
Shortly after gold was discovered in the Sierra Nevadain 1848, panning gave way to highly destructive hydraulic
, G( e/ A+ j0 a- P+ |% M" C7 i" c3 \mining, which involves blasting sediment away with high-powered jets of water. Gold was extracted from the gravel, 公仔箱論壇, ?+ C0 G" z" U4 o; d" U, U
which was then dumped and carried downstream by rivers into the Sacramento Valley. The Yuba River ended up with
6 u0 _, o: z# k3 T& wtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb685 million cubic feet of the mine waste, which raised the level of the river, overflowed the banks and buried farms.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb* Z% B+ L Y% \0 f7 z0 w( v
Dredging of the Yuba began in 1893, and soon after,mining companies began to sift and re sift through the debris to 5.39.217.760 f" }5 [$ v/ y3 s
extract ever-smaller bits of gold. By 1970, all economically feasible gold removal had been completed, and mining of the 公仔箱論壇/ {# f5 @" Y9 a: Z
gravel for concrete began. Today, ownership of the land is disputed among mining companies, private owners and the government.5.39.217.76! z3 e+ M& R/ x! J9 p7 {' ~
This image was taken by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra satellite Aug. 29, 2001.公仔箱論壇6 @ V" }$ f8 O* T
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Toquepala Copper Mine, Peru
) \4 g# @+ f: @# zLocated in the Andes Mountains in southern Peru, the Toquepala mine is 1.5 miles wide and 2,300 feet deep. 5.39.217.76* }9 O6 \7 u9 T3 w
The mine’s main output is copper, but it also produces gold, silver and molybdenum. The railroad that was tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb" U- G% K" |: |6 s% j& k. r, E
constructed to carry the ore 60 miles to the coast can be seen winding down a canyon left of the center, 5.39.217.760 e/ E M+ ~ e/ u2 u8 y$ }& y
heading southwest from the mine. This image was captured by astronauts aboard the International Space
& K6 y- n/ Y; G2 M- xTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Station on Sept. 22, 2003.2 I5 p, r" A( Y
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Freeport Mine, Indonesia5.39.217.76+ T4 i# O7 L" ?" a0 e
The Freeport Mine, also known as the Grasberg complex,is a huge mining operation in Indonesia’s Sudirman 5.39.217.76" _$ n7 s, O' G' E: \* {
Mountains. Copper was discovered here in 1936, and gold was first found in 1988. Today,the mine is one of
/ k+ F# W" l9 {' N. A* Bthe largest gold- and copper-extraction operations in the world. The open pit is 2.5 miles wide, and there is
& v! S4 Q0 r* F# B+ iTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。extensive underground mining in the area as well. Glaciers are also visible in the image.
$ p4 Q: O4 [4 ?' s; ?tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbThis photograph was taken June 25, 2005, by astronauts on the International Space Station.
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Cananea Mine, Mexico公仔箱論壇" t: H) l& p# O" r4 F8 V) B0 g
The Cananea mine is located 25 miles south of the United States border in Sonora, Mexico. The active Colorada
7 @9 _$ t3 b. \8 M; jTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Pit in the upper right is 1.6 miles across. It is one of the largest copper producers in the world and also contains 2 H8 P5 L9 g( y. c' C( ~$ a& J. V, U
gold. Those two metals are often found together where hot magma forced its way up into the overlying bedrock. 公仔箱論壇* S8 D, g3 t" @
The magma crystallized there while hot fluids circulated through it and into fractures in the surrounding rock,altering tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb. {) f6 U+ M- h7 ^& ?( l
the rock to produce copper-rich minerals and gold.
; J# E l! c; Z6 O& K; _3 m! LA 1906 miner’s strike at Cananea turned violent and resulted in 19 deaths, contributing to events that led to the
( C* z" \ ~2 gTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Mexican Revolution in 1910. Another strike stopped work at the mine in 2007.1 \& r5 w! F' ]7 s' j' k
This image was taken by astronauts aboard the International Space Station on March 3, 2008.: s$ N- E6 Y# t2 h7 R
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8 M/ @/ T2 d7 O) F; e8 X3 u- FPhosphate Mines, Jordan V! |. ~! P" t8 n
Phosphate mining is an important industry in Jordan,which has abundant deposits of the mineral on approximately 60 TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。8 \5 P0 \: ^1 E; c. _% d
percent of its territory. Phosphorus is essential to living things, and food can’t be produced without it. Some scientists
* ?' Q. U* V# s. W公仔箱論壇fear a shortage of this critical resource is impending and have predicted the world will reach “Peak Phosphorus,” the
) k/ d5 f% h" d* X, N$ \$ Hpoint at which production will begin to decline, just 30 years from now. There is currently no synthetic alternative.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb7 K# F4 ]* y; o, [, N0 x) t% g/ J
This image was capture by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra
& t8 x, J, I. ~* J4 q. z: w! X i) {- `satellite Sept. 17, 2005. It is a false-color composite of visible and infrared images. Vegetation appears red, water is
+ a: N1 I s4 Nblue, and rock and soil can be anywhere from buff to black. The mining operation is the area just left of center in the
$ Y! Q6 v9 m3 E9 f- r. n公仔箱論壇lower part of the image that appears striped.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。$ W. _* E: {5 l2 ?
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TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 k" v% F$ u) t
New Cornelia Mine, Arizona
: Y7 N3 O+ R& g, P& v/ |公仔箱論壇Copper was first mined from this area just south of the mining town of Ajo, Arizona, around 1750. The open-pit mine pictured ) j& C. G. k2 V9 \5 d. ~4 F" X
above began being excavated in earnest in 1912. It was shut down in 1983 when the price of copper dropped. The scalloped
4 X9 E& t1 }6 A. l& J) ]tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbland just to the right of the mine is covered in tailings, and the large gray rectangles above that are containment ponds where
, y: \& \7 d$ k" d. zthe metal was extracted.公仔箱論壇: g% Y) h4 x6 M- |, Z
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。& n$ ^0 Z" `5 N: J% B; t+ E7 |
3 E& j/ M" j) M% G0 x) Ctvb now,tvbnow,bttvbTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。& D; w; q, {) `1 o: @! p9 j7 k9 Q
Hambach Coal Mines, Germany! T- a4 w' H) r; X2 Y1 ?) F
The bright white-and-dark-blue–striped areas on the right side of this image are opencast coal mines in mid western Germany.
5 b; A! h1 t# T5.39.217.76One of the mines is currently being worked by the Bagger 293, the largest machine in the world.The bucket-wheel excavator 9 b8 Q" U q/ g+ t
is twice as long as a soccer field and a stall as a 30-story building, and digs up 30 million tons of lignite per year.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。% N8 m g& {+ j, {# c, e# [0 x# A
This image, captured by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer aboard NASA’s Terra satellite
, O" g+ q1 E. pAug. 26, 2000, is a simulated natural-color image. The bright-green rectangular patches are crops, the gray patches are 5.39.217.76# z; S! i+ D" C. v
bare ground, and the bluish-gray areas are towns.
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發表於 2009-12-22 09:24 AM
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