本帖最後由 bchew 於 2009-12-22 09:32 AM 編輯
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* X2 o* r5 ^# B9 E$ Q" RPeople have become significant earth movers, outpacing all sources of natural erosion. More and more
O1 H7 l' ?8 ?) M6 R/ f k. Y5.39.217.76of our footprint can be seen from space in many forms, including cities, reservoirs,agriculture and 公仔箱論壇 j! n5 w) h) f9 p1 x) Q( N1 F
deforestation. Among the most impressive human scars on the planet are open-pit mines.公仔箱論壇: W6 ]6 S$ f& \2 y. `: Q) N
We’ve gathered some of the biggest, most spectacular and interesting mines, as captured by
. N. \+ _1 T& C! X1 J, {, A1 y' r2 Ytvb now,tvbnow,bttvbastronauts and satellites on the following pages.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。$ Q1 J7 U+ U! j' ]6 B5 r
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Above: Berkeley Pit, Butte, Montana
. I+ U( t+ ?- |This former copper mine operated between 1955 and 1982. Gold and silver were also mined.
. h3 F$ C5 o- `/ S. s/ b5.39.217.76An elaborate system of pumps and drains kept the local water level low enough for mining.
! V. ?+ O3 F( E! I7 qtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbToday, the 1,780 foot-deep pit is filled with around 900 feet of very contaminated water filledTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。; F& H9 O- ?* c
with metals and chemicals such as arsenic, cadmium, pyrite, zinc,copper and sulfuric acid. The 5.39.217.76/ R+ l' M$ x" X- t/ t
water can be as acidic as battery acid,and copper can actually be “mined” directly from the water.
# |2 B/ D0 o, R% Z5.39.217.76Currently, the 1-mile-by-0.5-mile pit is listed as a federal Superfund site with the potential to ' V+ p) ~3 G3 v
contaminate surrounding ground water, and,surprisingly, is also a tourist attraction, complete tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb }: c: J, S0 u' [8 a3 ]6 C7 p
with gift shop and$2 admission fee.
, }$ j3 O0 h7 L" h6 G/ WThis photograph was taken Aug. 2, 2006, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station.
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Escondida Mine, Chile
* A1 y. J$ n# m1 ?! y: b% wThe Escondida mine, opened in 1990 at 10,000 feet in northern Chile’s Atacama desert, currently produces
- m( Y- `9 W0 M# c5.39.217.76more copper than any other mine in the world, with 1.5 million tons in 2007, worth more than $10 billion and ! b/ x# I- r$ b
representing nearly a tenth of world copper production. More than 6,000 people work at the mine.
- I4 p6 ~% H! O2 Y" S3 C公仔箱論壇This image was captured in 2000 by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer
3 {: }% F7 K- u+ a A$ o; i$ {' z( Paboard NASA’s Terra satellite.
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7 k. ]$ x6 Z2 E6 d, K5.39.217.76Bingham Canyon Mine, Utah
& L& P; u$ ~+ P2 E5.39.217.76Located 20 miles outside Salt Lake City in the Oquirrh Mountains, the Bingham Canyon copper pit has produced
9 ]$ `- @6 W) m4 [& J4 z9 k, W5.39.217.76more than 18million tons of copper over its lifetime, more than any other mine in the world. The pit is about 2.75 5.39.217.76; _+ V" l* E9 ]2 P- o
miles wide and 4,000 feet deep. Two Empire State buildings stacked one on top of the the other wouldn’t reach 5.39.217.76+ _& Z+ S* J/ p; [( E3 ~4 R# Q
the top. By 2015, the mine will be 500 feet deeper, and a third Empire State building will fit inside. The terraces
4 D- V; y# O+ o1 F5 linside the pit,which provide a base for the digging equipment and also stabilize the slopes, can be more than 80
* {* o% A! v' O1 z, A$ C公仔箱論壇feet high. Opened in 1904, the site has been named a historic landmark.
6 [2 D( n' T s公仔箱論壇This photograph was taken Sept. 20, 2007, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station with a digital 5.39.217.76 j" d5 L1 |6 y/ ]
camera and an 800mm lens.
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- @% D$ K+ n, A! G公仔箱論壇Yuba River Goldfields, California.
; ]1 O* C( A9 B$ F% V7 ~) i; h公仔箱論壇The Yuba Goldfields are a strange culmination of years of pressure-jet mining for gold upstream in the Sierra Nevada,
; n9 n ]7 v0 F( \公仔箱論壇dredging the tailings out of the river, and mining the tailings for gold and then later for gravel. The result is an odd tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb# ?! h$ O4 h: u$ G3 C0 L
landscape of reddish-brown and gray hills of gravel with water-filled ravines in between.
# Z0 I' D1 ~+ p+ j公仔箱論壇Shortly after gold was discovered in the Sierra Nevadain 1848, panning gave way to highly destructive hydraulic
3 T W9 ]2 L+ H \9 @% q% l0 w5.39.217.76mining, which involves blasting sediment away with high-powered jets of water. Gold was extracted from the gravel,
% J6 `0 b3 p8 p. L) ?# H5.39.217.76which was then dumped and carried downstream by rivers into the Sacramento Valley. The Yuba River ended up with 0 [; q2 `" c7 y& m3 y8 ]/ m
685 million cubic feet of the mine waste, which raised the level of the river, overflowed the banks and buried farms.
l3 w6 L' `8 MDredging of the Yuba began in 1893, and soon after,mining companies began to sift and re sift through the debris to TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。7 H- ?1 ^! {2 r& I8 G& K5 W) e
extract ever-smaller bits of gold. By 1970, all economically feasible gold removal had been completed, and mining of the
1 r- A3 ~: t. x9 Jgravel for concrete began. Today, ownership of the land is disputed among mining companies, private owners and the government.
' P9 {) {4 {3 ~( p1 ytvb now,tvbnow,bttvbThis image was taken by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra satellite Aug. 29, 2001.5.39.217.76: `% r l# v- c3 w i
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1 j/ @+ ]3 Q: sToquepala Copper Mine, Peru. L" H9 m, o @! r2 `) z, E( ?8 }
Located in the Andes Mountains in southern Peru, the Toquepala mine is 1.5 miles wide and 2,300 feet deep.
9 p; i1 p! O! ~/ N公仔箱論壇The mine’s main output is copper, but it also produces gold, silver and molybdenum. The railroad that was tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb4 a5 g: x, {% T
constructed to carry the ore 60 miles to the coast can be seen winding down a canyon left of the center,
! O3 d5 n% I$ Z0 r5.39.217.76heading southwest from the mine. This image was captured by astronauts aboard the International Space
( O2 v; d0 g4 U5.39.217.76Station on Sept. 22, 2003.公仔箱論壇$ K. v7 S( N- B0 j h8 p4 ^
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2 s7 C4 q4 w3 |3 }; `% Q5.39.217.76Freeport Mine, IndonesiaTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。7 K$ W' R5 @ D1 O; {
The Freeport Mine, also known as the Grasberg complex,is a huge mining operation in Indonesia’s Sudirman
) ~: o# R- X: g/ z5 ZMountains. Copper was discovered here in 1936, and gold was first found in 1988. Today,the mine is one of TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。/ i; c! E) b( c2 D* N
the largest gold- and copper-extraction operations in the world. The open pit is 2.5 miles wide, and there is 5.39.217.768 H7 ?9 V u8 E' b. a! }7 }( u
extensive underground mining in the area as well. Glaciers are also visible in the image.5.39.217.76! E! X% f' C0 N+ i" [
This photograph was taken June 25, 2005, by astronauts on the International Space Station.
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/ j+ E4 D9 c2 f- {' B4 Rtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbCananea Mine, Mexico公仔箱論壇$ W- D( y" Q* U; j9 \
The Cananea mine is located 25 miles south of the United States border in Sonora, Mexico. The active Colorada 5.39.217.76& L: R0 ^7 h/ h3 P% G+ G) E- ?
Pit in the upper right is 1.6 miles across. It is one of the largest copper producers in the world and also contains
+ ?' `% G) L! W4 o公仔箱論壇gold. Those two metals are often found together where hot magma forced its way up into the overlying bedrock.
$ H2 [3 \0 J u( k5.39.217.76The magma crystallized there while hot fluids circulated through it and into fractures in the surrounding rock,altering
& x; I" N( ^$ s! b" C- r8 W" c5.39.217.76the rock to produce copper-rich minerals and gold.
- _; z4 N% ^- O% oA 1906 miner’s strike at Cananea turned violent and resulted in 19 deaths, contributing to events that led to the 公仔箱論壇# a' c6 W% F# D
Mexican Revolution in 1910. Another strike stopped work at the mine in 2007.% a5 f4 v$ ^, O+ @# y7 m- V* P
This image was taken by astronauts aboard the International Space Station on March 3, 2008.
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' M3 _5 H$ E- @; E6 v& \( V. n5.39.217.76Phosphate Mines, Jordan! j9 G5 X7 M; n# q/ z
Phosphate mining is an important industry in Jordan,which has abundant deposits of the mineral on approximately 60 2 ~" Y+ Y* Q# d6 [
percent of its territory. Phosphorus is essential to living things, and food can’t be produced without it. Some scientists
6 c! {$ p5 G& t( V& N5.39.217.76fear a shortage of this critical resource is impending and have predicted the world will reach “Peak Phosphorus,” the TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。6 s# v: P3 ]$ C: d0 X
point at which production will begin to decline, just 30 years from now. There is currently no synthetic alternative.5.39.217.763 W+ L) |7 N) o1 L ?: ^
This image was capture by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。6 E6 {/ J, B+ |' M2 u6 ~8 d( u- ]( n
satellite Sept. 17, 2005. It is a false-color composite of visible and infrared images. Vegetation appears red, water is + }% U5 h; ~9 r6 H+ V6 Z* @8 B% j
blue, and rock and soil can be anywhere from buff to black. The mining operation is the area just left of center in the tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb6 r+ `+ v M- V- D
lower part of the image that appears striped.
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, {9 z5 W0 w" [/ Y% d6 w& _TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。New Cornelia Mine, Arizona
' R' z8 d; V! L( u, ]0 _* {Copper was first mined from this area just south of the mining town of Ajo, Arizona, around 1750. The open-pit mine pictured 5.39.217.76+ H: j V* B- a2 a
above began being excavated in earnest in 1912. It was shut down in 1983 when the price of copper dropped. The scalloped
6 g0 I0 L9 p7 m/ r+ DTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。land just to the right of the mine is covered in tailings, and the large gray rectangles above that are containment ponds where
7 p: B N/ f7 `1 s1 `/ h: htvb now,tvbnow,bttvbthe metal was extracted.' w; b9 `" j" u* }7 N
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5 q# i, L; R/ _TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Hambach Coal Mines, Germany% h' {# G1 y, p8 x0 k" e3 G
The bright white-and-dark-blue–striped areas on the right side of this image are opencast coal mines in mid western Germany.
* E& S$ k) \( y9 JOne of the mines is currently being worked by the Bagger 293, the largest machine in the world.The bucket-wheel excavator
0 ~2 M" o" _# n) @! Bis twice as long as a soccer field and a stall as a 30-story building, and digs up 30 million tons of lignite per year., k& v0 r/ P1 t1 E# }# _
This image, captured by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer aboard NASA’s Terra satellite
: T& U7 w+ r2 b) `# B9 P5.39.217.76Aug. 26, 2000, is a simulated natural-color image. The bright-green rectangular patches are crops, the gray patches are TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。, u5 T0 K4 a" Z4 z
bare ground, and the bluish-gray areas are towns.
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發表於 2009-12-22 09:24 AM
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