本帖最後由 bchew 於 2009-12-22 09:32 AM 編輯
' B2 J! l- E! r公仔箱論壇
& Z* L$ j4 Y" a0 g公仔箱論壇 5.39.217.760 O; \# A( Z* E* n
1 L4 ?, A+ Y) p0 g0 r- s( b$ D2 \/ z9 fPeople have become significant earth movers, outpacing all sources of natural erosion. More and more 公仔箱論壇1 L4 b: U; |2 E+ Y- m& ]
of our footprint can be seen from space in many forms, including cities, reservoirs,agriculture and
# N4 r& L1 S6 w5 f5.39.217.76deforestation. Among the most impressive human scars on the planet are open-pit mines.
9 i% L( n1 a/ ?5.39.217.76We’ve gathered some of the biggest, most spectacular and interesting mines, as captured by 公仔箱論壇! P1 S& j! ` V$ f d
astronauts and satellites on the following pages.
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: S" w% I1 l. g' ~: k' `tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbAbove: Berkeley Pit, Butte, Montana
& O1 ^. p4 U0 k5 H U$ G: uTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。This former copper mine operated between 1955 and 1982. Gold and silver were also mined.
; O( M4 _1 i) Z! h" pAn elaborate system of pumps and drains kept the local water level low enough for mining.
; D; w' [) @5 |, q( zToday, the 1,780 foot-deep pit is filled with around 900 feet of very contaminated water filled/ e! _# l- r+ B& ]8 Y4 R; f
with metals and chemicals such as arsenic, cadmium, pyrite, zinc,copper and sulfuric acid. The
l! F0 B! J! M9 P; }/ H4 p2 o; c公仔箱論壇water can be as acidic as battery acid,and copper can actually be “mined” directly from the water.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。9 d# [4 E3 X9 ^+ c. g r( h& F
Currently, the 1-mile-by-0.5-mile pit is listed as a federal Superfund site with the potential to
+ _- j; N: U9 `$ C+ {! `/ I jTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。contaminate surrounding ground water, and,surprisingly, is also a tourist attraction, complete TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。, X& Y6 A0 a z
with gift shop and$2 admission fee.公仔箱論壇* G$ [( W5 G0 Z- H6 F8 D- [3 S- Z
This photograph was taken Aug. 2, 2006, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station.
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& T5 A3 T; [$ b6 g X/ e: ?公仔箱論壇Escondida Mine, Chile
# v9 t: _) ^8 h$ W ntvb now,tvbnow,bttvbThe Escondida mine, opened in 1990 at 10,000 feet in northern Chile’s Atacama desert, currently produces $ u$ ^0 W9 [, x9 s8 B3 \3 o
more copper than any other mine in the world, with 1.5 million tons in 2007, worth more than $10 billion and
; z* b3 Z$ A+ L8 V公仔箱論壇representing nearly a tenth of world copper production. More than 6,000 people work at the mine.) a u. G4 v% ^3 g
This image was captured in 2000 by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer
: W& T0 s5 I# x5 Gaboard NASA’s Terra satellite.
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/ X3 k. V, b. p1 U$ g- o) \+ f5 xBingham Canyon Mine, Utah
& X2 n- v+ ~; @$ N公仔箱論壇Located 20 miles outside Salt Lake City in the Oquirrh Mountains, the Bingham Canyon copper pit has produced
/ r) ^- m! K+ W _9 Y R5.39.217.76more than 18million tons of copper over its lifetime, more than any other mine in the world. The pit is about 2.75 8 S$ z/ @2 \& ~2 p( H: B$ c3 G
miles wide and 4,000 feet deep. Two Empire State buildings stacked one on top of the the other wouldn’t reach
! }1 u5 g6 O, R0 D. T! Z0 g- J# j- wtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbthe top. By 2015, the mine will be 500 feet deeper, and a third Empire State building will fit inside. The terraces TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。9 Y" K- ?' w& X# X( b. r. o' J2 h4 ~
inside the pit,which provide a base for the digging equipment and also stabilize the slopes, can be more than 80
( B; _5 l) E' L! J6 s' Y" ?4 @feet high. Opened in 1904, the site has been named a historic landmark.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。9 P1 R4 y$ p# d
This photograph was taken Sept. 20, 2007, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station with a digital tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb9 i6 V. _, a- J. J' u& a
camera and an 800mm lens.公仔箱論壇+ p [( g1 b [: \, Q
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 TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。2 |* a9 ~% r% Z: U3 L1 h- y
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Yuba River Goldfields, California.
% r9 {3 ]9 q% O2 {. e1 o; J1 d% GThe Yuba Goldfields are a strange culmination of years of pressure-jet mining for gold upstream in the Sierra Nevada,
& Q* U* p2 b) J. p2 Z! @TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。dredging the tailings out of the river, and mining the tailings for gold and then later for gravel. The result is an odd tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb( z* e1 f1 i* o8 g
landscape of reddish-brown and gray hills of gravel with water-filled ravines in between.
! i6 ^3 [! C) t/ s公仔箱論壇Shortly after gold was discovered in the Sierra Nevadain 1848, panning gave way to highly destructive hydraulic
) H! ^5 e- u8 }" Y5.39.217.76mining, which involves blasting sediment away with high-powered jets of water. Gold was extracted from the gravel,
. {: E/ A4 ]4 u0 r2 ^! ]5 m: Z7 Q公仔箱論壇which was then dumped and carried downstream by rivers into the Sacramento Valley. The Yuba River ended up with 6 g5 U/ C2 n& r+ Z* }6 X& S
685 million cubic feet of the mine waste, which raised the level of the river, overflowed the banks and buried farms.
$ R) `" m5 Q% _, K. L- RDredging of the Yuba began in 1893, and soon after,mining companies began to sift and re sift through the debris to ) T7 J A/ r/ \# H
extract ever-smaller bits of gold. By 1970, all economically feasible gold removal had been completed, and mining of the
% W [& j: I( C' M9 ttvb now,tvbnow,bttvbgravel for concrete began. Today, ownership of the land is disputed among mining companies, private owners and the government.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb2 X, B R) m4 L" p- x) W6 w/ e1 a
This image was taken by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra satellite Aug. 29, 2001.
8 T) {& a" ?" o$ N: @TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。0 i0 R2 U2 [6 g3 d0 y* l
1 ~" h* H9 n0 ?( a, P$ VTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
8 S- v+ q3 `/ v+ T7 Q$ R$ W# n公仔箱論壇Toquepala Copper Mine, Peru
* ^ G( Y5 w0 M' H- O6 DLocated in the Andes Mountains in southern Peru, the Toquepala mine is 1.5 miles wide and 2,300 feet deep. 公仔箱論壇4 [ V5 N" G0 x3 G1 K1 B+ D; ?
The mine’s main output is copper, but it also produces gold, silver and molybdenum. The railroad that was
+ [! h( `0 b0 m V; z6 dtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbconstructed to carry the ore 60 miles to the coast can be seen winding down a canyon left of the center, 5.39.217.76- c- ~$ v& y3 D5 n: W& `5 Q2 P
heading southwest from the mine. This image was captured by astronauts aboard the International Space TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。8 w& a; J& u: r! ?" S6 \) S3 ?
Station on Sept. 22, 2003.9 R' }4 q% s, s9 N( v4 d' \
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- Z& T" A5 O% A' ?4 `0 A( Z4 T) D1 N. O5.39.217.76Freeport Mine, Indonesia公仔箱論壇' [) J1 ^- T X
The Freeport Mine, also known as the Grasberg complex,is a huge mining operation in Indonesia’s Sudirman TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。/ i% Q* a2 ]0 q8 K. ^7 e+ T. D) d! t
Mountains. Copper was discovered here in 1936, and gold was first found in 1988. Today,the mine is one of
2 [) G# X* Z3 V0 a6 G0 i, Fthe largest gold- and copper-extraction operations in the world. The open pit is 2.5 miles wide, and there is tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb7 r$ n& h& h- c. d7 P* b
extensive underground mining in the area as well. Glaciers are also visible in the image.
' e; _, y' t- i* ~ c% U% QThis photograph was taken June 25, 2005, by astronauts on the International Space Station.公仔箱論壇. V- ?; }( l: x! m! R" J
) h+ X: [: W# I1 A9 B& X2 m公仔箱論壇 TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。0 P4 _; j3 b7 L+ R+ I
4 `& D6 `/ a+ l$ tCananea Mine, Mexico
+ o% Y" f. F" o* LThe Cananea mine is located 25 miles south of the United States border in Sonora, Mexico. The active Colorada TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。- m/ W |# M9 j7 h8 {: r; m
Pit in the upper right is 1.6 miles across. It is one of the largest copper producers in the world and also contains
" @4 u1 c O: Z+ t! ^% S. bgold. Those two metals are often found together where hot magma forced its way up into the overlying bedrock.
% z9 o* @8 t/ ~' e4 d- eThe magma crystallized there while hot fluids circulated through it and into fractures in the surrounding rock,altering
2 ~" A/ R: [, D5 \( R6 O% Ythe rock to produce copper-rich minerals and gold.
* f& v& R" A, R' V8 K X0 H6 i- R, [A 1906 miner’s strike at Cananea turned violent and resulted in 19 deaths, contributing to events that led to the
5 W- u5 h8 X- u# |公仔箱論壇Mexican Revolution in 1910. Another strike stopped work at the mine in 2007.
$ `. u; s5 J- c) h) W: W: T公仔箱論壇This image was taken by astronauts aboard the International Space Station on March 3, 2008.6 V, Y! h5 v; Q# O8 X% j" \# Y
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Phosphate Mines, Jordan5 ]1 g" r& z8 a+ k3 |/ V/ E O
Phosphate mining is an important industry in Jordan,which has abundant deposits of the mineral on approximately 60
+ e9 X( O% G/ ]# f5.39.217.76percent of its territory. Phosphorus is essential to living things, and food can’t be produced without it. Some scientists
& l/ Z2 @% T7 F6 J5.39.217.76fear a shortage of this critical resource is impending and have predicted the world will reach “Peak Phosphorus,” the
* A3 r i8 j5 e" f% ` {6 v+ y6 opoint at which production will begin to decline, just 30 years from now. There is currently no synthetic alternative.
: q3 M# T) I% p7 N# m. k7 bTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。This image was capture by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra 公仔箱論壇9 p, P5 @+ J! t# C: R
satellite Sept. 17, 2005. It is a false-color composite of visible and infrared images. Vegetation appears red, water is
& W' y) B. @3 Q4 H5 x: T5.39.217.76blue, and rock and soil can be anywhere from buff to black. The mining operation is the area just left of center in the 5.39.217.76% D0 A; v6 p6 t1 k- J
lower part of the image that appears striped.
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New Cornelia Mine, Arizona
8 Q4 U8 `' @; A9 a1 bCopper was first mined from this area just south of the mining town of Ajo, Arizona, around 1750. The open-pit mine pictured
5 u+ ^) B' ~# s' F, d3 @ [3 Ktvb now,tvbnow,bttvbabove began being excavated in earnest in 1912. It was shut down in 1983 when the price of copper dropped. The scalloped
8 v8 T* l J2 Q2 Z4 ^TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。land just to the right of the mine is covered in tailings, and the large gray rectangles above that are containment ponds where
$ J l2 U8 m O5 t8 x0 i, Y& qthe metal was extracted.5.39.217.76/ v( d( |7 ^5 J+ P7 p. f0 w [# C
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) X7 ?* C- U# I% m" n2 |: W" }TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。5.39.217.76# D, @. b& b( \5 I1 }
Hambach Coal Mines, Germany! P; I( c" p0 F
The bright white-and-dark-blue–striped areas on the right side of this image are opencast coal mines in mid western Germany. 公仔箱論壇+ v. j% F6 G" Z6 X0 t$ [4 C( R4 ?
One of the mines is currently being worked by the Bagger 293, the largest machine in the world.The bucket-wheel excavator tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb0 }- N5 |: S& r0 E
is twice as long as a soccer field and a stall as a 30-story building, and digs up 30 million tons of lignite per year.公仔箱論壇; P9 F& M; N0 z8 o0 J+ U
This image, captured by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer aboard NASA’s Terra satellite
" @0 T7 X7 s: B; ]; w公仔箱論壇Aug. 26, 2000, is a simulated natural-color image. The bright-green rectangular patches are crops, the gray patches are 公仔箱論壇* n- V2 H0 A" U# t' I, w" L
bare ground, and the bluish-gray areas are towns.
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發表於 2009-12-22 09:24 AM
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