本帖最後由 bchew 於 2009-12-22 09:32 AM 編輯 / ~( T. y7 u) x( r/ g
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3 m4 Q- T6 ]& P- }7 UPeople have become significant earth movers, outpacing all sources of natural erosion. More and more & ]: S2 L5 I% t% B6 O! @
of our footprint can be seen from space in many forms, including cities, reservoirs,agriculture and TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。# r, ]0 N- i' o* e$ s$ _
deforestation. Among the most impressive human scars on the planet are open-pit mines.
: ~) O9 |2 Q+ T" L! _! }We’ve gathered some of the biggest, most spectacular and interesting mines, as captured by " _; X% W7 p4 w6 y! v$ R" x
astronauts and satellites on the following pages.5.39.217.76. G" u# g6 o; X/ ]7 C( e
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Above: Berkeley Pit, Butte, Montana
1 ]" \4 f$ N$ zThis former copper mine operated between 1955 and 1982. Gold and silver were also mined.
- t6 j9 v9 x' o( Z" N0 \An elaborate system of pumps and drains kept the local water level low enough for mining. % w6 j7 t" B+ C. C# r
Today, the 1,780 foot-deep pit is filled with around 900 feet of very contaminated water filledtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb5 v9 F: @9 W. q0 h) r# u! J
with metals and chemicals such as arsenic, cadmium, pyrite, zinc,copper and sulfuric acid. The
$ x( m) J- G# C! O+ E9 }& ewater can be as acidic as battery acid,and copper can actually be “mined” directly from the water.
2 Y1 ?% o' ~! x2 h0 z& j- n) jCurrently, the 1-mile-by-0.5-mile pit is listed as a federal Superfund site with the potential to
/ H- n3 p2 s- I. j" i) Z: C" Vcontaminate surrounding ground water, and,surprisingly, is also a tourist attraction, complete
1 t0 w7 X& |: ~: wwith gift shop and$2 admission fee.公仔箱論壇- c) g0 I( V% z. {! u
This photograph was taken Aug. 2, 2006, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station.
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) {+ Q! o1 Z" X" L& wEscondida Mine, Chile
* S- ?! [* K& p: f& N4 a公仔箱論壇The Escondida mine, opened in 1990 at 10,000 feet in northern Chile’s Atacama desert, currently produces . M) ?( ~7 B! P# }$ H
more copper than any other mine in the world, with 1.5 million tons in 2007, worth more than $10 billion and
2 r- {3 g6 q; n- S" x- }; b) ~( h: T5 ztvb now,tvbnow,bttvbrepresenting nearly a tenth of world copper production. More than 6,000 people work at the mine.
- K( k- S( \1 \% P公仔箱論壇This image was captured in 2000 by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer $ L0 X' \1 y, K2 L' w6 Z
aboard NASA’s Terra satellite.5.39.217.76$ }7 [3 N$ J, q: j7 [
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. G; T) x3 l: y; p3 `. p* Z( ttvb now,tvbnow,bttvbBingham Canyon Mine, Utah5.39.217.76& Q `4 G* D2 w
Located 20 miles outside Salt Lake City in the Oquirrh Mountains, the Bingham Canyon copper pit has produced
, X) M. M3 L: ~# t$ u5 |公仔箱論壇more than 18million tons of copper over its lifetime, more than any other mine in the world. The pit is about 2.75
9 |" |/ r9 U1 C, J) mTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。miles wide and 4,000 feet deep. Two Empire State buildings stacked one on top of the the other wouldn’t reach TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。7 g" m0 g$ q0 M0 Z
the top. By 2015, the mine will be 500 feet deeper, and a third Empire State building will fit inside. The terraces
: i- d0 _7 l. j$ R0 `% uTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。inside the pit,which provide a base for the digging equipment and also stabilize the slopes, can be more than 80 5 B( ^. L* y, L
feet high. Opened in 1904, the site has been named a historic landmark.
$ M: B @& p( h* h1 \/ Qtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbThis photograph was taken Sept. 20, 2007, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station with a digital
- ~. }! c3 x) {0 \% @( r6 K B" j5.39.217.76camera and an 800mm lens.公仔箱論壇0 f4 H+ b; u1 g; H
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TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。' S2 L. C* C3 e/ f
Yuba River Goldfields, California.5.39.217.76) l8 D) q% j7 w2 g) K9 G; E
The Yuba Goldfields are a strange culmination of years of pressure-jet mining for gold upstream in the Sierra Nevada, TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。! T/ \5 V( }$ [4 B6 D) [" N2 B6 J
dredging the tailings out of the river, and mining the tailings for gold and then later for gravel. The result is an odd
+ M6 U% \& Q3 a) c5.39.217.76landscape of reddish-brown and gray hills of gravel with water-filled ravines in between.+ y% q# x9 E6 Z2 {9 R5 g
Shortly after gold was discovered in the Sierra Nevadain 1848, panning gave way to highly destructive hydraulic 5 B) N( ?0 P4 U' |8 R! P ?
mining, which involves blasting sediment away with high-powered jets of water. Gold was extracted from the gravel, + f l5 {* P: u) ^: t
which was then dumped and carried downstream by rivers into the Sacramento Valley. The Yuba River ended up with 5.39.217.76" ]- o* ]9 u' d& j2 x \
685 million cubic feet of the mine waste, which raised the level of the river, overflowed the banks and buried farms.1 _/ ^" }6 }$ U4 r8 F
Dredging of the Yuba began in 1893, and soon after,mining companies began to sift and re sift through the debris to tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb2 X8 q1 C5 z8 j
extract ever-smaller bits of gold. By 1970, all economically feasible gold removal had been completed, and mining of the 公仔箱論壇' c& H' j2 [4 ^( j4 }8 m% W. h
gravel for concrete began. Today, ownership of the land is disputed among mining companies, private owners and the government.5.39.217.76/ \# k P6 P |/ N$ K* e0 T+ _
This image was taken by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra satellite Aug. 29, 2001./ b* K. S/ U( \' g/ I6 m
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6 Q+ Q+ {" b! L" o- n, ~1 X3 L公仔箱論壇Toquepala Copper Mine, PeruTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。7 }/ K7 V X) I: f
Located in the Andes Mountains in southern Peru, the Toquepala mine is 1.5 miles wide and 2,300 feet deep.
: {5 W# E6 }0 [1 c G! j. H. @TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。The mine’s main output is copper, but it also produces gold, silver and molybdenum. The railroad that was
1 p4 @0 n0 K. s) h- LTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。constructed to carry the ore 60 miles to the coast can be seen winding down a canyon left of the center,
( r/ p0 ?9 {1 ~( Z( ~8 Ltvb now,tvbnow,bttvbheading southwest from the mine. This image was captured by astronauts aboard the International Space 5.39.217.76% M% k0 f! g! p0 T0 |
Station on Sept. 22, 2003.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb8 p; A$ d. `) K3 a) Y
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8 d9 D! m! g% F9 ]' x, O3 D+ vTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。公仔箱論壇2 @8 R- w } n5 G6 B0 r
Freeport Mine, Indonesia( ^+ p3 _# h; d
The Freeport Mine, also known as the Grasberg complex,is a huge mining operation in Indonesia’s Sudirman
/ S* }2 M+ ]2 U X0 q8 [. B& rtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbMountains. Copper was discovered here in 1936, and gold was first found in 1988. Today,the mine is one of 公仔箱論壇) d! S2 n5 K$ L4 N4 a3 [2 A
the largest gold- and copper-extraction operations in the world. The open pit is 2.5 miles wide, and there is
" T0 T ]5 w& j0 u- M+ wextensive underground mining in the area as well. Glaciers are also visible in the image.公仔箱論壇8 n2 [2 U$ Y* F
This photograph was taken June 25, 2005, by astronauts on the International Space Station.# l. N2 T7 T* z1 r8 I' }" ]( W
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Cananea Mine, Mexico
$ o3 } S; S1 G/ o+ xtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbThe Cananea mine is located 25 miles south of the United States border in Sonora, Mexico. The active Colorada 公仔箱論壇6 S& U' q, X+ @! p5 t( R ]# m4 U
Pit in the upper right is 1.6 miles across. It is one of the largest copper producers in the world and also contains
4 m- z' D' x" N K5.39.217.76gold. Those two metals are often found together where hot magma forced its way up into the overlying bedrock. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb3 O1 @7 h( \5 z3 s
The magma crystallized there while hot fluids circulated through it and into fractures in the surrounding rock,altering
`+ ^8 u8 e; j* E ~& @* n' Wthe rock to produce copper-rich minerals and gold.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb I, R2 B; f, s2 g
A 1906 miner’s strike at Cananea turned violent and resulted in 19 deaths, contributing to events that led to the
& }9 @2 f0 E" @9 A1 KTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Mexican Revolution in 1910. Another strike stopped work at the mine in 2007.
; l, D6 x! f9 jThis image was taken by astronauts aboard the International Space Station on March 3, 2008.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。* Z* o, t4 |$ r2 k4 F; A6 ~0 @: L
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Phosphate Mines, Jordan
$ g0 r. M4 e% M; rtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbPhosphate mining is an important industry in Jordan,which has abundant deposits of the mineral on approximately 60 5.39.217.76" \, l. Z0 {" u9 L' A
percent of its territory. Phosphorus is essential to living things, and food can’t be produced without it. Some scientists
9 G: ^$ }+ f) M9 J5 vfear a shortage of this critical resource is impending and have predicted the world will reach “Peak Phosphorus,” the ; o3 u- }9 e* x: |3 j4 d. p5 O
point at which production will begin to decline, just 30 years from now. There is currently no synthetic alternative./ \5 L$ {4 X5 z/ H
This image was capture by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra
: v I5 y) c7 b# Z) |" KTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。satellite Sept. 17, 2005. It is a false-color composite of visible and infrared images. Vegetation appears red, water is
0 _$ |5 p2 ]) t9 l' H* G$ _8 b0 S5.39.217.76blue, and rock and soil can be anywhere from buff to black. The mining operation is the area just left of center in the
* \" s! ^) R5 [; t$ I公仔箱論壇lower part of the image that appears striped.
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8 _+ Q, h' U: T" `" U( ]# A& jTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 5.39.217.76; E1 F7 `9 T+ ?& B8 {
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。( m2 F- v6 b+ y6 b
New Cornelia Mine, Arizonatvb now,tvbnow,bttvb0 ~" g5 v8 [7 f* H
Copper was first mined from this area just south of the mining town of Ajo, Arizona, around 1750. The open-pit mine pictured 3 M: q, z& k& v% W3 _# w
above began being excavated in earnest in 1912. It was shut down in 1983 when the price of copper dropped. The scalloped ; U7 N1 e& o$ A
land just to the right of the mine is covered in tailings, and the large gray rectangles above that are containment ponds where tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb |, M9 q: A" b
the metal was extracted.4 ] x9 V% u) q6 N
3 D$ @6 p8 W3 x/ Q5 A7 N公仔箱論壇 5.39.217.765 L1 p0 l( @( d% w, ]5 Q! W/ u: \
) n7 F# k% U' N7 i3 F* S5 q7 L# ftvb now,tvbnow,bttvbHambach Coal Mines, Germany
+ a' L! _2 H% X% bThe bright white-and-dark-blue–striped areas on the right side of this image are opencast coal mines in mid western Germany. % K' b# ^* d# o' f1 V2 b2 z
One of the mines is currently being worked by the Bagger 293, the largest machine in the world.The bucket-wheel excavator
$ }6 |: c# _$ p* d2 htvb now,tvbnow,bttvbis twice as long as a soccer field and a stall as a 30-story building, and digs up 30 million tons of lignite per year.
1 w+ W4 f$ l F% t% C公仔箱論壇This image, captured by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer aboard NASA’s Terra satellite 5.39.217.76$ D/ Z" B* r: |8 u5 I3 |
Aug. 26, 2000, is a simulated natural-color image. The bright-green rectangular patches are crops, the gray patches are , Z3 u% X0 C7 H: B
bare ground, and the bluish-gray areas are towns.
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發表於 2009-12-22 09:24 AM
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