世界媒體看中國：微網志挑戰胡錦濤

2011年 7月 11日tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb6 X0 o. Y9 R2 W

世界媒體看中國：微網志挑戰胡錦濤 5.39.217.761 g* _; x6 L3 n; g/ n3 a" i

VOA 記者: 齊之豐 | 華盛頓
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圖片來源: 新浪微網志截圖
有關微網志截圖
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中國有句老話是，“形勢比人強。”　這句老話的意思是，在現實世界中，在一個社會中，總有一些事情的發展是最能幹的能人、最強權的強權者也難以控制的。5.39.217.766 \. g* p2 n6 h, B# y

一度相當成功地控制了國內網際網路資訊流通、令外界大為驚訝的中國當局，如今遇到“微網志”這種網際網路資訊傳播的最新形式，顯然遇上了“形勢比人強”的麻煩。

*《經濟學人》的老辣*
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去年10月28日一期的英國《經濟學人》雜誌的一篇報導，其標題就提出了一個在中國不能公開詳細討論和辯論的問題：“突破當局的資訊封鎖墻 / 在推特失敗的地方，中國自己研發的微網志正在取得成功。”(Breaching the great firewall / Home-grown microblogs are succeeding where Twitter failed)

説到這裡，不妨順便再多介紹兩句《經濟學人》雜誌。這家老牌雜誌所面向的讀者是世界各國政治經濟界精英，總部設在英國。其新聞報導總是經過編輯的大量加工，其報導一般總是沒有署名。報導的風格總是夾敘夾議，幽默，諷刺，調侃，犀利，深沉，正經，假裝正經，不一而足。

該雜誌編輯主力多是英國人。英國是出産莎士比亞的國家。而莎士比亞以文筆老辣、話中有話、一語雙關或多關、具有摧毀力的反諷著稱。《經濟學人》這個標題，就明顯展示出莎士比亞式的老辣和具有摧毀力的反諷。即使是翻譯成中文，其老辣和反諷的力道也沒有多少減損，讓懂行、內行的讀者讀了不禁莞爾而笑。公仔箱論壇8 d. K8 M' N% \' s' D( U+ E

該雜誌在這裡的意思顯然是説：當年中國當局作出遮罩推特的決定，就是因為擔心總部設在美國、不受中國執政黨共産黨宣傳部門控制的推特會打破當局的資訊封鎖；推特遭遇遮罩，也就是遭遇了失敗；但推特的失敗，給中國國內研發的微網志帶來了大發展的機遇，中國的微網志正在獲得成功，正在成功地打破資訊封鎖；於是乎，力圖封鎖資訊流通的中國當局的成功，正在給自己帶來失敗。

中國的老話和英國的反諷在這裡顯然殊途同歸。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb( P' R6 g; b) X! {
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*世界媒體的共識*公仔箱論壇6 X3 X/ M! G. v9 ?, j/ p
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應當説明的是，《經濟學人》這種莎士比亞式的表達方式和風格是它自己的，但它這種觀點則可以説是外國媒體看中國的共識。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb0 W: t; e% U! d+ R& M- \

舉例來説，總部設在紐約、主要面向美國政界和新聞界讀者的著名網路新聞機構“談話要點備忘錄”（Talking Points Memo ，簡稱TPM）在今年6月30日發表記者格雷厄姆·韋伯斯特的報導，題目是：“中國在培育自己的推特，帶有中國特色。”

韋伯斯特的報導的第一句話就是：“一個創新性的貌似推特的網路平臺出現，成為中國政治和社會的一個重要的競技場。”（An innovative Twitter-like web platform has emerged as an important new arena for Chinese politics and society.）

既然是競技場，當然就必須有競技對手。現在在這個競技場上，競技雙方相互較力較得怎麼樣呢？  [$ V/ @% d5 J
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《華盛頓郵報》記者基斯·裏奇伯格3月22日從北京發出了這樣一番描述：公仔箱論壇& U$ J6 ^' {8 W: R" q
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“在一個大部分新聞媒體被政府控制、資訊發佈受到嚴格審查、自由的意見被嚴厲阻塞的國家，中國人轉向了一個新的平臺藉以公開地交換沒有枷鎖限制的新聞和觀點。這個平臺就是跟推特相似的微網志。
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”中國網路資訊審查封鎖機構以其高效率而臭名昭著。但微網志似乎能搶先一步。中國有十幾個微網志網站，有一億兩千萬用戶，每小時發帖100萬。（美國的）臉譜網、YouTube等網站在中國被遮罩。英國廣播公司和美國有線電視新聞網的敏感廣播被黑掉。即使是包含‘茉莉花’和‘革命’等字眼短信也會被打回來，説是無法傳送。”tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb$ T% A9 ~  N9 N

“但微網志用戶常常參與網路空間中的自由辯論，談論中國一些最禁忌、政治最敏感的話題。”/ J& Y$ k2 w7 {; a. O0 j7 D+ P) Q# L+ W. r

*陳年的舊聞變成火燙的新聞*) V# E& n- P- b: l4 g+ M
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就在美國之音記者寫這篇報導的時候，成千上萬的中國網民正在通過新浪微網志進行一場裏奇伯格所説的“網路空間中的自由辯論，談論中國一些最禁忌、政治最敏感的話題”，話題涉及的是中共最高領袖、中國國家主席胡錦濤。
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引起這場熱辣談論的導火線，是一個名叫“香港新聞記者”的微網志用戶，在中國北京時間7月10日晚上10點半在自己的微網志貼出一條胡錦濤訪問日本橫濱一個小學校、跟日本學漢語的一些小學生對話的老新聞視頻。

那條老新聞發生在2008年5月9日下午。來自鳳凰網的那個視頻顯示，一個日本小男孩學生在教室中間起立，操著稚嫩的漢語問：公仔箱論壇7 C1 w8 ^* @$ R' f
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“胡爺爺，你為什麼想當主席？”

胡錦濤笑容滿面地回答道：“我告訴你，我本人沒有想當主席。全國人民選了我，讓我當主席。我不應該辜負全國人民的期望。”

“香港新聞記者”的微網志把這條視頻上傳之後，立即在中國微網志用戶當中引起強烈反響。於是乎，通過微網志，一條關於胡錦濤的舊聞變成了具有爆炸性的新聞。

*中共當局哭笑不得*

從10日晚上10點半發出之後，不出二十四小時，這條微網志帖子被轉發2150次，並得到評論830條評論。其中絕大多數顯然是讓胡錦濤或胡錦濤領導下的中宣部負責輿論控制的官員笑不出來，或哭笑不得。例如：

宋靈歌No6：胡爺爺，俺木有選過你哇？其實，俺導絲很想選你滴！單絲，請把選票給俺先？5.39.217.76, M$ w7 a. M7 Q% ]
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過於寬的郭宇寬：最大的杯具是什麼？這個國家每個人都在幹自己不想幹的工作。這TM是什麼鍋假（國家）啊？

桂榮V5：淚流滿面啊我，忽然發現自己連中國人民都不是啊！什麼中國人民選了你，忽悠14億國民還不夠，還跑到外國去忽悠人家小毛孩。......成年這麼久了，我一丁點政治權利都沒有啊？
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我是楊雪：不想當就下來，別佔著位置。有多少想當的人等著咱們給他投票呢。
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人類主義拯救全人類：小時候家長就教導我説，不要説謊，否則會招雷劈的，可老天爺好像打盹了，不管人間的事情了。
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周澤談案説法:　全國人民好過分，也不問問老胡想不想當主席，就把自己的意志強加給他，讓人家勉為其難# _1 @% M' n3 w9 W" B9 G
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閒逸山翁：看來我不屬於中國人民!而屬於中國人民的數量可能估計5000人！由此説明中國是一個世界上人口稀少的國家！tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb* J# Z: i8 i" v

慕容心語：看了視頻，我淩亂了。中國國家主席不是內定好的麼？啥時候成全國人民選的了？忽悠日本小盆友？小盆友會信嗎？一個自己不想當國家主席的人，會成為候選人？就算成為候選人，會全民投票？就算全民投票，會全票通過？難不成競爭對手零票？我怎麼忘了自己投過票呢？莫名地，偶的臉，很燙。。。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb) {+ I. H5 J! X# l! N  R; @

蒼白的孤泊：講這樣的話是自絕於人民。是人大代表選了他。人民代表是黨指定的。希望以後那些傻逼代表別代表我。以蒙蔽胡主席。5.39.217.769 Q0 F. d8 n0 Z- y& \
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小竹V 轉發此微網志:　誰選的，請自絕於人民，謝謝！

舉頭望明月低頭思姑娘：咱是不是也問問習大爺，別再把他也給坑了，別太勉強人家啊

射虎：人在廟堂，身不由己，我們損失了一個優秀的水利工作者。（美國之音注：胡錦濤當年在清華大學學的是水利工程。）; o. e" \" S/ y5 v8 _& `2 z/ e
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儘管有網民公開表示擔心這些帖子以及“香港新聞記者”的微網志帳號會被和諧（被刪除），但是在帖子發表一天多之後，在北京時間2011年7月12日淩晨4點30分，這些對胡錦濤非常不恭維的微網志帖子依然在中國國內網際網路上擴散。+ L; D  G2 o; k! F
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顯然，中國當局負責網路資訊審查封鎖的機構面對如此這般神速的微網志依然不知所措，不知如何應對這種挑戰。
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*再説《經濟學人》的老辣*

今天的“世界媒體看中國”以《經濟學人》雜誌開頭，最好再用它來收尾。

就在其他媒體津津樂道于微網志對中國當局構成挑戰的時候，老辣的《經濟學人》早就搶在前頭三四步，在去年就早早地開始分析和預測中國當局下一步的招法了。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb9 A% f/ }# \+ q5 k. M9 j
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在大面介紹了微網志給中國的政治帶來的新氣象之後，《經濟學人》在去年10月28日發表的那篇報導最後説：

“假如微網志對黨變得更具有威脅性，微網志可以被全部關掉。在7月，中國的微網志網站都把自己標記為‘測試版’，這或許是一種暗示：這一切只不過是一場試驗。”

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附新浪微網志有關胡錦濤帖子摘選：tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb* r" |4 w, Z8 a7 N7 x( [9 x# A& a

泓韻怡然：美國人參加競選“我要當總統”。中國是誰？讓不想當國家主席的人當主席？人民？人民是誰？人民選了嗎？公仔箱論壇+ d" }  E9 W" b7 U. H9 t, {
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良適：哦，是這麼回事呀，我得問問街道，咋沒通知我呢？5.39.217.76* |) V+ N' ?* g" ?. u

_依然大頭：胡主席，你辜負了我們的期望，和寶哥哥一起推動民主改革吧。。。。。& v) ]: O& Z" p* j- F& P3 P% i
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猴魔猴樣：你應該告訴日本小朋友：“你們要努力學好中文，以後你們可是我們國家的一部分啊。”5.39.217.76/ V7 _; O+ K, e8 O3 g4 J! Y
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會跳高的豬：胡總受委屈了。不過......，但是......，難道我被踢出人民隊伍了嗎？
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李健GG：幹自己不想幹的工作，一定幹不好。如果是公共事務，讓給想幹的人幹，於人于己應該都更好，更明智。

anew4：天吶，我又被外國人了。! W1 t8 N' _/ o- P4 l5 i
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SOULNPC：全國人民好過分，也不問問老胡想不想當主席，就把自己的意志強加給他，讓人家勉為其難0 t) q( W/ _9 v, i5 Y
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多古拉星王子我們對不起你，我們也真沒想選你啊，不知道為啥就把你選上去了。

湯姆貓2011：他想説的是：你們都不知道，其實我是個演員……公仔箱論壇% n, j2 }& z* T8 z

毛立小武郎：這個問題也就小孩敢問吧！

良言無忌：誰選滴？！站出來！！, O- {0 k. I# r+ C; G; {
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許驥：我想哭。太偉大了他的一句話，我就不算人民了，我真沒選他
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極樂島主vicaya：因為全國人民沒選，所以故意辜負嗎？) @, W) G7 U+ J" P

北京李海：選票和選票箱在哪兒？# E( ?! c1 n" J
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moving_楊大羽：哎，我們果然不是中國人民...0 s9 V. S' }9 @" O( U
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來源 / 版權所有：  以上所述媒体 / 美國之音TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。0 \6 g2 {, J  ]( @% W/ ~6 X
(以上内容摘自或摘译自其它媒体 / 美國之音，不代表發帖者观点)tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb& X5 @+ f2 D8 p; Z! |0 Q  @1 w& P

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SOURCE: The Economist
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Breaching the great firewalltvb now,tvbnow,bttvb- K; u \& |& y3 X+ d3 t
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Oct 28th 2010

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CHINA’S military mouthpiece, the Liberation Army Daily, is not a fan of microblogging. On October 19th it said Twitter had caused chaos during Iran’s political turmoil last year, and gave warning that such instant information-sharing tools posed “hidden dangers” to national security. Having blocked access to Twitter, however, China is encouraging home-grown versions. Both the government and its critics have become avid users. ' G! |( X+ M4 P6 `; `' }6 T

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Bloody ethnic riots in the far-western region of Xinjiang in July last year sealed the fate of Twitter and its domestic clones. The government, observing their growing popularity, feared that troublemakers in Xinjiang could use them to foment unrest. Since then Twitter has been available in China only to those with the skills to penetrate the Chinese internet’s “great firewall”. But the authorities quickly gave approval to new China-based microblogging services, or weibo, which employ armies of censors. In February even the Communist Party’s own mouthpiece, the People’s Daily, opened one.

The party’s all-powerful Publicity Department tells operators to filter postings for sensitive words. Their detection means automatic deletion. But dissidents are undeterred. News on October 8th that an imprisoned activist, Liu Xiaobo, had been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize spread quickly through domestic microblogs despite the authorities’ best efforts to block it. Users wrote homonyms for Mr Liu’s name, or abbreviations in Latin characters. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb9 t: [! W1 d7 t" X8 Z
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Since last year, weibo use has grown rapidly. Before it was closed last July, the most popular domestic provider, Fanfou, had acquired nearly a million subscribers in two years of operation. The new leading service, Sina Weibo, says it has gained more than 20m registered users since it was launched in August 2009. Last August China Youth News, a newspaper run by the ruling party’s Communist Youth League, reported that in a nationwide survey more than 45% of people under 40 said they were frequent weibo users. More than 94% said that weibo had changed their lives.公仔箱論壇7 X- e% i/ l* R* d5 o
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Hu Yong of Peking University estimates that more than 10m people are weibo regulars. In an article published abroad earlier this month, he claimed that the Chinese were world leaders in microblogging, using it for everything from “social resistance” to “mailing postcards to prisoners of conscience”. Mr Hu argued that this was promoting subtle social progress rather than lighting the fuse of a “Twivolution”, but he reckoned the phenomenon was nonetheless opening up “new possibilities for reshaping China’s authoritarian regime”.& Q# A5 _1 v: h- Q

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Many of the government’s most prominent critics have accounts on the blocked Twitter service as well as on weibo. One of them, Wen Yunchao (who has more than 32,000 Twitter followers), says he prefers to use weibo if he wants information to be picked up by domestic media. Some of China’s more aggressive journalists are also keen users. In September several tweeted live on the plight of two women who were hiding in an airport lavatory in Jiangxi province. Officials were trying to prevent them flying to Beijing to issue complaints to the central authorities. 2 w# ^- B; p- |$ D1 y

But the government clearly believes that weibo can be useful, too. Security officials can use it to monitor what dissidents are up to. This week a Twitter user in the south-western city of Chongqing was said to have been detained briefly after tweeting that she was preparing to raise a banner in support of Mr Liu, the Nobel prizewinner, during an anti-Japanese demonstration. Mid-ranking officials in Beijing are being trained at the city’s Communist Party school in the art of communicating with the public through weibo.
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Rebecca MacKinnon, an internet analyst, says anyone wanting to organise something “truly subversive” would not use microblogs anyway, since the government might be able to trace them. And if weibo become more threatening to the party, they can be shut down. In July China’s microblogging services relabelled themselves as “beta” versions, a possible hint that this was all just an experiment. - p4 T' x9 F2 {* Z5 U: g( ?, u. k$ H
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SOURCE : THE WASHINGTON POST: `: `" f2 N, N3 u
In China, microblogging sites become free-speech platform
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(Nelson Ching/BLOOMBERG) - Sina Weibo is China's third-most visited Internet portal.公仔箱論壇1 n- @6 I, |' B$ ]- f+ i
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By Keith B. Richburg, Published: March 28公仔箱論壇- L/ ^. @1 ^6 k9 J) Y8 t9 I

BEIJING — In a country where most media are controlled by the state, information is heavily censored and free-flowing opinions are sharply constricted, Chinese have turned to a new platform to openly exchange unfettered news and views: microblogs, similar to Twitter.
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Microblogs — called “weibo” — seem to be one step ahead of China’s notoriously efficient censors, with a dozen microblogging sites, more than 120 million users and a million posts every hour. Web sites such as Facebook and YouTube are blocked in China. Sensitive broadcasts on BBC and CNN are blacked out. Even text messages with words such as “jasmine” and “revolution” may be bounced back as undeliverable.5 {+ R1 |0 |' |, ^. i, }
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But weibo users are regularly engaged in a virtual debating free-for-all, touching on some of the most off-limits or politically touchy topics.+ \# p+ n, t4 S+ N' D

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There are microblog comments on the uprisings in the Middle East — including questions on whether the popular unrest might spread to China. There is talk of political reform, including users posting and re-posting remarks by Premier Wen Jiabao calling for more openness. Even discussion of Tibet and the Dalai Lama are allowed.公仔箱論壇& [- T) W) s8 r' i5 A

Still, posts involving the jailed dissident and Nobel Peace Prize winner Liu Xiaobo or the outlawed Falun Gong spiritual movement may be deleted or blocked from re-posting. “Weibo has become the public hall for people to discuss public affairs and formulate opinions,” said Hu Yong, associate professor of journalism at Peking University. “Weibo has become the most prominent place for free speech in China.”( S, s9 c5 g( u' K& h5 T1 t8 X! M
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In democratic countries, “people have various channels to express their opinions, like through the media, the judicial system, in general elections and even through the petition process,” Hu said. “But in China, since all the other channels of free expression are blocked, the opinion function of weibo has become more important and prominent.”5.39.217.768 g6 r7 o, ]( R3 P* S* K
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It isn’t that the authorities have suddenly discovered a new tolerance for free speech, Hu said. The weibo-using community is growing so fast, the 140-character posts go out so quickly and the technology is so new that they have been unable to keep up.
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The government, meanwhile, is trying to stay ahead of the trend. Local Communist Party bosses, propaganda department officials, municipal police departments and the provincial party chief in Xinjiang have recently launched microblogs.
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Chen Tong, executive vice president and editor in chief of Sina.com, China’s largest information Web site running the country’s most widely used weibo, said he persuaded 100 members of China’s parliament to open microblogging accounts during their annual March meeting in Beijing.5.39.217.767 u( Y. \0 N4 E* ^4 j

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Still, the number of government officials with weibo accounts remains low. Singers, entertainers and athletes are the most popular microbloggers, attracting as many as 10 million fan-followers each.
With Twitter blocked in China, several imitators sprang up. But microblogging exploded here only in 2010, experts said. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb' |6 C/ _) f8 h# r8 y: w9 v% [' M
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The power of microblogging was dramatically illustrated last month by Peng Gaofeng, whose 3-year-old son was abducted in March 2008 in Shenzhen. Peng, 32, spent three years searching for the boy and was told by police to give up. But after a friend posted the boy’s picture on his microblog, Peng got a tip on Feb. 1 from Jiangsu province about a boy there who resembled his son. Soon, the father and son were reunited.7 S% ?( Q0 h: b  p

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About the same time, sociologist Yu Jianrong started a microblog called “Taking snapshots to rescue child beggars.” Yu asked followers to photograph beggars and post them to the account. By late February, his campaign had attracted 240,000 followers.
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Police have solved some cases with the help of microblogs, and citizens have exposed instances of official corruption or foul play. Weibo has also been used to mobilize Chinese to donate money to people in need.
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“In civil society, in community involvement, weibo is playing a role like no other organization can play,” said Xu Xiaoping, a businessman and avid microblogger with 1.5 million followers. “Weibo gives people power.”公仔箱論壇9 ~) |; R. D5 E8 {, \

China’s creative entrepreneurs have also been busy. Around Valentine’s Day, bloggers — inspired by the campaign to rescue beggars — started a site to help singles find mates. They called their microblog “Taking snapshots to rescue bachelors and spinsters.”
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But weibo’s power in shaping public opinion and its potential for social organizing have attracted the most attention. “Weibo is not only the place for people to express themselves, but also the place where people organize together,” Hu said.* X; `+ Z1 U/ b, X; x% {; p+ q6 G$ ]

Xie Gengyun, a professor at Shanghai Jiaotong University, recently completed a report on microblogging and said weibo is the most popular choice for trustworthy information, ahead of newspapers, online forums and blogs.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。% V  Z5 K/ l0 r) p8 R$ U. L
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“Weibo is changing the structure of the public opinions in China,” Xie said. “In the past, the public agenda or hot topics were decided by the elite and by the journalists. The public cared about what they cared about. But right now, the situation is changing. Weibo has conquered the dominant position in shaping public opinion.”

Researcher Zhang Jie contributed to this report.

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