$ y7 b& L) P, e( a  STVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb/ M2 I8 Y$ t: d6 V) |
People have become significant earth movers, outpacing all sources of natural erosion. More and more 5.39.217.76; b/ N, Q- [; h3 `
of our footprint can be seen from space in many forms, including cities, reservoirs,agriculture and
, \: a; Z: T. LTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。deforestation. Among the most impressive human scars on the planet are open-pit mines.  I4 }6 M: l3 H
We’ve gathered some of the biggest, most spectacular and interesting mines, as captured by
( {' G& _5 Y; B公仔箱論壇astronauts and satellites on the following pages.
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Above: Berkeley Pit, Butte, MontanaTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。9 ]) K" B7 s3 S7 i8 E! N
This former copper mine operated between 1955 and 1982. Gold and silver were also mined. 公仔箱論壇# q/ o5 F# o& U' I# z# t% R
An elaborate system of pumps and drains kept the local water level low enough for mining. 8 h/ o6 w# J" E! h
Today, the 1,780 foot-deep pit is filled with around 900 feet of very contaminated water filled
! a- [- W, ]- cwith metals and chemicals such as arsenic, cadmium, pyrite, zinc,copper and sulfuric acid. The TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。( R, c. F  }8 c; A( @
water can be as acidic as battery acid,and copper can actually be “mined” directly from the water.
7 F6 M3 S% N- g& X$ qCurrently, the 1-mile-by-0.5-mile pit is listed as a federal Superfund site with the potential to
7 G' K, |/ L! W7 B2 l5 y$ `& j" G5.39.217.76contaminate surrounding ground water, and,surprisingly, is also a tourist attraction, complete 7 a# k/ U9 y! F
with gift shop and$2 admission fee.
( W8 G# ]  x, i5.39.217.76This photograph was taken Aug. 2, 2006, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb& i: o  c4 |& o1 o  R
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* I# P) b' f$ ^5.39.217.76Escondida Mine, Chile
1 F+ F. K* q: J1 K' u6 ~( A# uThe Escondida mine, opened in 1990 at 10,000 feet in northern Chile’s Atacama desert, currently produces 公仔箱論壇- N7 z6 f" J( R
more copper than any other mine in the world, with 1.5 million tons in 2007, worth more than $10 billion and TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。3 g0 C5 d5 f2 c9 X% o
representing nearly a tenth of world copper production. More than 6,000 people work at the mine.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb/ q7 B. Q+ R8 R1 m
This image was captured in 2000 by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer
! J& Q4 S: S( _- R: g( B% A& n/ B公仔箱論壇aboard NASA’s Terra satellite.) [2 k( V, w/ x$ _, @) h

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% L# R8 Y4 |8 j5 {公仔箱論壇Bingham Canyon Mine, Utah  n, x: {: V% Q9 k7 F9 U0 l. E
Located 20 miles outside Salt Lake City in the Oquirrh Mountains, the Bingham Canyon copper pit has produced " Y/ [/ ~4 Q9 T
more than 18million tons of copper over its lifetime, more than any other mine in the world. The pit is about 2.75 TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。+ c: l1 F1 f& b+ d2 J& R
miles wide and 4,000 feet deep. Two Empire State buildings stacked one on top of the the other wouldn’t reach
1 N$ z7 t2 R% Y, x& y- D  }/ U' s5.39.217.76the top. By 2015, the mine will be 500 feet deeper, and a third Empire State building will fit inside. The terraces
$ i1 m, K. \# G# ytvb now,tvbnow,bttvbinside the pit,which provide a base for the digging equipment and also stabilize the slopes, can be more than 80
0 q$ I% L" P/ w, J/ Xfeet high. Opened in 1904, the site has been named a historic landmark.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb( I  L9 b$ n2 B4 n% g1 E* R. H( S: P, Y7 }
This photograph was taken Sept. 20, 2007, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station with a digital . h7 O* U$ I* u6 F
camera and an 800mm lens.
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: i. W% F/ M$ @. gTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。( y/ {+ D% d% B8 M
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Yuba River Goldfields, California.% T2 I& ~% d9 _( B
The Yuba Goldfields are a strange culmination of years of pressure-jet mining for gold upstream in the Sierra Nevada, TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。0 @0 k* F& M0 b  W7 C
dredging the tailings out of the river, and mining the tailings for gold and then later for gravel. The result is an odd 公仔箱論壇9 ~3 R$ h3 p% L$ Z) r
landscape of reddish-brown and gray hills of gravel with water-filled ravines in between.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb. c* x* \8 n  o6 S
Shortly after gold was discovered in the Sierra Nevadain 1848, panning gave way to highly destructive hydraulic : P- G- A6 m  a  l
mining, which involves blasting sediment away with high-powered jets of water. Gold was extracted from the gravel, 公仔箱論壇; K! m4 _8 D& I9 v' j0 F
which was then dumped and carried downstream by rivers into the Sacramento Valley. The Yuba River ended up with
# [3 O9 `' l( f" n+ T685 million cubic feet of the mine waste, which raised the level of the river, overflowed the banks and buried farms.
9 x9 S7 v. E; d; j: s1 L5.39.217.76Dredging of the Yuba began in 1893, and soon after,mining companies began to sift and re sift through the debris to
! u( w9 R" m& t7 F8 V5.39.217.76extract ever-smaller bits of gold. By 1970, all economically feasible gold removal had been completed, and mining of the ; O1 h3 T; t- i. G1 X
gravel for concrete began. Today, ownership of the land is disputed among mining companies, private owners and the government.
4 g) `  r# |! etvb now,tvbnow,bttvbThis image was taken by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra satellite Aug. 29, 2001.; {9 {- k9 U& f, A* J) \
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。3 o5 M! |& [/ @4 q

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Toquepala Copper Mine, Peru
" Q/ P, ~# Q# N$ K. M$ t& [TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Located in the Andes Mountains in southern Peru, the Toquepala mine is 1.5 miles wide and 2,300 feet deep.
$ M) _5 T2 b  }% tThe mine’s main output is copper, but it also produces gold, silver and molybdenum. The railroad that was 公仔箱論壇* q: O" F. F6 L. G
constructed to carry the ore 60 miles to the coast can be seen winding down a canyon left of the center, 公仔箱論壇+ b, g" y& ~4 h7 t) R) y
heading southwest from the mine. This image was captured by astronauts aboard the International Space
' d& ~" N/ I' e0 d& A7 ~& y! kStation on Sept. 22, 2003.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。8 V5 c7 d& b8 s# }- w

3 t. `& v6 D, J/ k, w/ n* ^9 u; `1 S公仔箱論壇
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Freeport Mine, Indonesia
7 g2 _1 M8 a% i& J) _, Mtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbThe Freeport Mine, also known as the Grasberg complex,is a huge mining operation in Indonesia’s Sudirman
! n3 b3 |2 ^+ O) L) Htvb now,tvbnow,bttvbMountains. Copper was discovered here in 1936, and gold was first found in 1988. Today,the mine is one of
0 n" H& O2 S8 @0 f( p- Y8 Btvb now,tvbnow,bttvbthe largest gold- and copper-extraction operations in the world. The open pit is 2.5 miles wide, and there is TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。5 a4 v& T( F9 P6 a
extensive underground mining in the area as well. Glaciers are also visible in the image.
) R% \+ g& z7 ]. aTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。This photograph was taken June 25, 2005, by astronauts on the International Space Station.
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Cananea Mine, Mexico0 \/ Q6 ?0 G3 g2 y: h9 s# J" S: E' ]
The Cananea mine is located 25 miles south of the United States border in Sonora, Mexico. The active Colorada
9 @) x4 i" A/ G; g3 O. a& R5.39.217.76Pit in the upper right is 1.6 miles across. It is one of the largest copper producers in the world and also contains ' q; |* }2 u$ P' H- ?
gold. Those two metals are often found together where hot magma forced its way up into the overlying bedrock.
, Q6 A" L! |) ]1 B$ \公仔箱論壇The magma crystallized there while hot fluids circulated through it and into fractures in the surrounding rock,altering TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。3 D; p# T0 i7 u7 d, E. {7 U
the rock to produce copper-rich minerals and gold.( U$ M4 l# V) P8 t; E+ e0 J
A 1906 miner’s strike at Cananea turned violent and resulted in 19 deaths, contributing to events that led to the
! m' E1 N  l! v& _) g! A, qTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Mexican Revolution in 1910. Another strike stopped work at the mine in 2007.
3 @/ I9 I" G/ H& y! @公仔箱論壇This image was taken by astronauts aboard the International Space Station on March 3, 2008.
3 t! i) X, |& h9 m) Htvb now,tvbnow,bttvb公仔箱論壇6 r# i. a/ \0 r

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! A7 ~! T8 u2 x& QTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Phosphate Mines, JordanTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。; z& j6 [( N. m4 w" r
Phosphate mining is an important industry in Jordan,which has abundant deposits of the mineral on approximately 60
4 i. `5 o8 A) F! x  K; ^percent of its territory. Phosphorus is essential to living things, and food can’t be produced without it. Some scientists
1 [& \- {- @+ o3 q5 e4 P5.39.217.76fear a shortage of this critical resource is impending and have predicted the world will reach “Peak Phosphorus,” the
( u) O! t$ D: T8 ~5.39.217.76point at which production will begin to decline, just 30 years from now. There is currently no synthetic alternative.
% \2 d+ A& R4 Q0 S* G+ s2 N公仔箱論壇This image was capture by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra 公仔箱論壇3 m( Q& K1 }1 ?8 _
satellite Sept. 17, 2005. It is a false-color composite of visible and infrared images. Vegetation appears red, water is
3 u0 u7 X/ w8 E+ O' |$ s/ R. K5.39.217.76blue, and rock and soil can be anywhere from buff to black. The mining operation is the area just left of center in the 公仔箱論壇3 F; I8 z* k! r9 G5 H+ a% b! z8 Z
lower part of the image that appears striped.
7 C6 v2 g3 Q7 U) L  u' t$ r" N4 G9 xtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb. d3 b6 s' Q7 C+ U; G' C. E
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9 y7 m0 V; W+ k* X5 fNew Cornelia Mine, Arizona
/ y  F7 n' A& t7 |% xTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Copper was first mined from this area just south of the mining town of Ajo, Arizona, around 1750. The open-pit mine pictured 5.39.217.76; W. j; x7 \' s) \# x: m
above began being excavated in earnest in 1912. It was shut down in 1983 when the price of copper dropped. The scalloped 2 f/ e( j1 ]; x5 R
land just to the right of the mine is covered in tailings, and the large gray rectangles above that are containment ponds where
7 n& p" p1 h7 j/ a6 O1 Z% y1 X公仔箱論壇the metal was extracted.
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Hambach Coal Mines, Germany
: N5 _: c# B- |; I$ Z5.39.217.76The bright white-and-dark-blue–striped areas on the right side of this image are opencast coal mines in mid western Germany. 5.39.217.767 Y) g: A, I0 E( X
One of the mines is currently being worked by the Bagger 293, the largest machine in the world.The bucket-wheel excavator
8 F; @! r/ j/ Z$ |$ W) Ptvb now,tvbnow,bttvbis twice as long as a soccer field and a stall as a 30-story building, and digs up 30 million tons of lignite per year.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb% D- e* J. ]' B8 P
This image, captured by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer aboard NASA’s Terra satellite
0 v' E2 D9 K6 [. p. L4 j  E9 v5.39.217.76Aug. 26, 2000, is a simulated natural-color image. The bright-green rectangular patches are crops, the gray patches are
/ j7 [# e" h: T" ZTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。bare ground, and the bluish-gray areas are towns.