$ P0 f/ [$ J* j- O9 N7 {7 \' K公仔箱論壇公仔箱論壇/ [* y/ _$ }( f6 S
People have become significant earth movers, outpacing all sources of natural erosion. More and more ' V: s( F$ F6 P$ _7 m8 B
of our footprint can be seen from space in many forms, including cities, reservoirs,agriculture and
& b/ x6 a6 }& ^% t& y( c公仔箱論壇deforestation. Among the most impressive human scars on the planet are open-pit mines.5.39.217.76: R0 P: t3 W3 O. }0 L& `6 D: H
We’ve gathered some of the biggest, most spectacular and interesting mines, as captured by
$ S! k) X& ?& V1 ~5 \9 o6 \astronauts and satellites on the following pages.
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Above: Berkeley Pit, Butte, Montana公仔箱論壇3 ~3 B5 x7 Q' w9 s- I
This former copper mine operated between 1955 and 1982. Gold and silver were also mined. 公仔箱論壇9 o% }4 O. ]0 F. w7 Z! c# f
An elaborate system of pumps and drains kept the local water level low enough for mining. 5.39.217.76. f9 l' U! V8 z9 z. t
Today, the 1,780 foot-deep pit is filled with around 900 feet of very contaminated water filled5.39.217.769 J/ W5 ?, J2 a9 n/ z* F% M( c
with metals and chemicals such as arsenic, cadmium, pyrite, zinc,copper and sulfuric acid. The 9 R& T; R  G1 Z  K8 X, Q& \% f
water can be as acidic as battery acid,and copper can actually be “mined” directly from the water.
7 `% q' R& n% |: e# {tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbCurrently, the 1-mile-by-0.5-mile pit is listed as a federal Superfund site with the potential to % v( H4 u' R3 C; K
contaminate surrounding ground water, and,surprisingly, is also a tourist attraction, complete
% T" Z' X9 e2 ]: u! W' c/ _公仔箱論壇with gift shop and$2 admission fee.
% a8 U3 z+ T$ ?' @" Q- iThis photograph was taken Aug. 2, 2006, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station.
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Escondida Mine, Chiletvb now,tvbnow,bttvb7 |0 @- Z$ L+ X0 ~( \+ u
The Escondida mine, opened in 1990 at 10,000 feet in northern Chile’s Atacama desert, currently produces 7 M( N# _, Y" e7 S* a
more copper than any other mine in the world, with 1.5 million tons in 2007, worth more than $10 billion and tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb! H1 j2 u7 ^- z. P4 f+ Z% \7 ~
representing nearly a tenth of world copper production. More than 6,000 people work at the mine.公仔箱論壇5 T8 G1 d  _+ `- ]; M
This image was captured in 2000 by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer
$ {; d8 I0 c2 Atvb now,tvbnow,bttvbaboard NASA’s Terra satellite.
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Bingham Canyon Mine, Utah5.39.217.766 N, b# Z- L+ B0 w
Located 20 miles outside Salt Lake City in the Oquirrh Mountains, the Bingham Canyon copper pit has produced
) T$ c4 b5 h6 ETVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。more than 18million tons of copper over its lifetime, more than any other mine in the world. The pit is about 2.75
  r4 A( {" Z3 T& J; g8 |3 jtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbmiles wide and 4,000 feet deep. Two Empire State buildings stacked one on top of the the other wouldn’t reach tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb' X. R# |* S5 D: m5 d$ i" p
the top. By 2015, the mine will be 500 feet deeper, and a third Empire State building will fit inside. The terraces
6 v5 q1 |% D" j3 G5.39.217.76inside the pit,which provide a base for the digging equipment and also stabilize the slopes, can be more than 80 9 D2 {! A- ^2 {  D
feet high. Opened in 1904, the site has been named a historic landmark.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb0 b3 \  W/ G& V0 x, X
This photograph was taken Sept. 20, 2007, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station with a digital
) z$ k1 |( y4 }. E; H( ecamera and an 800mm lens.% F" U  b( _/ S7 ]3 c
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. |3 h! N! U- F公仔箱論壇Yuba River Goldfields, California.
! f* N0 s: k, w) n! kTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。The Yuba Goldfields are a strange culmination of years of pressure-jet mining for gold upstream in the Sierra Nevada,
7 L  ~0 c0 W4 x& {' H$ `* e0 Y5.39.217.76dredging the tailings out of the river, and mining the tailings for gold and then later for gravel. The result is an odd 公仔箱論壇5 N6 @0 u# n8 ~) a+ u% n! ?7 H" q$ ^
landscape of reddish-brown and gray hills of gravel with water-filled ravines in between.公仔箱論壇9 d9 u1 c" O  \
Shortly after gold was discovered in the Sierra Nevadain 1848, panning gave way to highly destructive hydraulic TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。* \' H2 K5 R5 A! i- ^2 }
mining, which involves blasting sediment away with high-powered jets of water. Gold was extracted from the gravel,
* h4 b, _5 G/ R, c8 Rwhich was then dumped and carried downstream by rivers into the Sacramento Valley. The Yuba River ended up with & f$ Y: X2 g- {1 D- _
685 million cubic feet of the mine waste, which raised the level of the river, overflowed the banks and buried farms.
* }7 S& E9 b' _, cTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Dredging of the Yuba began in 1893, and soon after,mining companies began to sift and re sift through the debris to 公仔箱論壇' G; S) x8 e# V# c
extract ever-smaller bits of gold. By 1970, all economically feasible gold removal had been completed, and mining of the
( F1 y+ R4 e+ P! I1 ]9 `/ tgravel for concrete began. Today, ownership of the land is disputed among mining companies, private owners and the government.
+ V0 l! m0 ~, Ntvb now,tvbnow,bttvbThis image was taken by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra satellite Aug. 29, 2001., Q' M  l8 T0 T# f+ }
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+ W* k+ o3 k3 J$ r. ]Toquepala Copper Mine, Peru
: D1 p  @; k4 v& E9 aLocated in the Andes Mountains in southern Peru, the Toquepala mine is 1.5 miles wide and 2,300 feet deep.
+ r4 Z0 J4 t; R5.39.217.76The mine’s main output is copper, but it also produces gold, silver and molybdenum. The railroad that was tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb7 O3 @! h' h" [5 C: Q% b! f$ r
constructed to carry the ore 60 miles to the coast can be seen winding down a canyon left of the center, tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb' W3 O3 c2 l% z' m
heading southwest from the mine. This image was captured by astronauts aboard the International Space
8 W9 e/ G+ Y4 d' g; `. ?, I- y5.39.217.76Station on Sept. 22, 2003.
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Freeport Mine, Indonesia
5 M7 \* V5 C1 Q) E% {- Z5.39.217.76The Freeport Mine, also known as the Grasberg complex,is a huge mining operation in Indonesia’s Sudirman 公仔箱論壇9 R  B1 T3 M; [& t6 t
Mountains. Copper was discovered here in 1936, and gold was first found in 1988. Today,the mine is one of
/ ]% G+ s$ B# D: m/ f6 RTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。the largest gold- and copper-extraction operations in the world. The open pit is 2.5 miles wide, and there is tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb; {' B- E( j( B5 Z1 v
extensive underground mining in the area as well. Glaciers are also visible in the image.
" x$ k( z+ I$ t- P, LThis photograph was taken June 25, 2005, by astronauts on the International Space Station.
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Cananea Mine, MexicoTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。4 Z- j. h$ z& ?+ R, H
The Cananea mine is located 25 miles south of the United States border in Sonora, Mexico. The active Colorada
) C: T! f1 v& ~* |, U$ W0 x9 K- Y3 etvb now,tvbnow,bttvbPit in the upper right is 1.6 miles across. It is one of the largest copper producers in the world and also contains
" S+ _' z+ D" J4 Cgold. Those two metals are often found together where hot magma forced its way up into the overlying bedrock. 公仔箱論壇' \8 u8 `- t* q% m$ w. {" F/ R
The magma crystallized there while hot fluids circulated through it and into fractures in the surrounding rock,altering tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb- R9 B& H1 v9 X. O' n
the rock to produce copper-rich minerals and gold.
& ~; [- U3 _! l7 F# K$ C7 ctvb now,tvbnow,bttvbA 1906 miner’s strike at Cananea turned violent and resulted in 19 deaths, contributing to events that led to the
  h2 V4 x6 W+ H# X$ r6 ^- Utvb now,tvbnow,bttvbMexican Revolution in 1910. Another strike stopped work at the mine in 2007.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。3 t" @' ~4 {4 c( H+ R% X, n# X) {
This image was taken by astronauts aboard the International Space Station on March 3, 2008.
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% C8 n. n9 H7 K' b8 R公仔箱論壇Phosphate Mines, Jordan
6 C# z4 G$ n1 @  X3 B) T公仔箱論壇Phosphate mining is an important industry in Jordan,which has abundant deposits of the mineral on approximately 60
5 k% C4 I2 _9 N$ {( A/ W& Z- Opercent of its territory. Phosphorus is essential to living things, and food can’t be produced without it. Some scientists
* Z2 @8 q6 |- z6 Atvb now,tvbnow,bttvbfear a shortage of this critical resource is impending and have predicted the world will reach “Peak Phosphorus,” the TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。4 b6 x3 q2 o- t1 \5 m7 {- D
point at which production will begin to decline, just 30 years from now. There is currently no synthetic alternative.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。8 _/ H( H/ \: U2 W, z
This image was capture by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra $ \$ ]( y) e4 p# u  [) d
satellite Sept. 17, 2005. It is a false-color composite of visible and infrared images. Vegetation appears red, water is
  y6 G3 g3 S' l& `2 V% m/ C3 h公仔箱論壇blue, and rock and soil can be anywhere from buff to black. The mining operation is the area just left of center in the 8 r' l1 I( p- `3 n
lower part of the image that appears striped.5 L/ Q4 O+ f: O5 m
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9 a" L$ n3 U/ Y# a" E& P1 T' LNew Cornelia Mine, Arizona
" Y' G, F! N. ]6 s. gtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbCopper was first mined from this area just south of the mining town of Ajo, Arizona, around 1750. The open-pit mine pictured 5.39.217.760 ^& U' z+ }# t5 W0 [% g; G! b* F
above began being excavated in earnest in 1912. It was shut down in 1983 when the price of copper dropped. The scalloped 5.39.217.76% ^1 p1 }) R1 k
land just to the right of the mine is covered in tailings, and the large gray rectangles above that are containment ponds where
$ k2 X2 G6 F) N" bthe metal was extracted.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。; s6 ]7 I& X0 k% _

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Hambach Coal Mines, GermanyTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。. S/ k* p! P; C% J) B
The bright white-and-dark-blue–striped areas on the right side of this image are opencast coal mines in mid western Germany. TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。0 F7 d2 [# O! R, e5 [
One of the mines is currently being worked by the Bagger 293, the largest machine in the world.The bucket-wheel excavator
) Z2 I& s. I$ M3 j' U& `3 Btvb now,tvbnow,bttvbis twice as long as a soccer field and a stall as a 30-story building, and digs up 30 million tons of lignite per year.
, O1 K0 y0 t* S; ftvb now,tvbnow,bttvbThis image, captured by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer aboard NASA’s Terra satellite
% N0 ]8 }' p) {2 S5.39.217.76Aug. 26, 2000, is a simulated natural-color image. The bright-green rectangular patches are crops, the gray patches are
3 C2 g/ V  k! A* q& X+ p5.39.217.76bare ground, and the bluish-gray areas are towns.