( H, T0 A$ {) T, h國民政府遷到陪都重慶期間,這個偏處西南的重鎮國共兩黨官員雲集,美國官方辦事處官員也不少,包括美國新聞處的費正清(John King Fairbank),以及生於成都的傳教士之子、美國駐華使館二等秘書謝偉思(John Service)。他們與中共第一代領導人打交道,親眼目證國民政府軟弱無力,心理上較為親近年輕朝氣的中共諸人,包括能言善辯的周恩來,以及英語了得的燕京大學畢業生新聞官龔澎。他想不到的是,以為中共裏頭都是類似毛澤東的湖南口音書生,卻是來了一批天津北平大城巿英語說得極為流利的大學畢業生,尤其是龔澎,更是駐重慶美國記者及官員的話題人物。費正清在他的自傳體裁結集《到中國去》(China Bound)是這樣描述龔澎出場:「結果是聰明吸引的年輕女子龔澎來找我,她剛接任成為周恩來的出色新聞官……她的氣質糅合了年輕的朝氣以及對中國共產黨信念的堅定信仰,極為善解戰地記者人意,外帶一新耳目的幽默感」(Asa result a very intelligent and attractive young woman named Kung Peng came to see me. She was just at the start of a brilliant career as Chou En-lai's press officer……Her personality combined the freshness of youth with the certainty of her faith in the CCP cause plus a good deal of sophistication about war correspondents and a refreshing sense of humor)。 $ K! u: H) h. u% PTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。公仔箱論壇5 |( j6 m% e" d
% A+ n% P" d" R7 a5.39.217.76這就回到「為誰研究中國」以及「什麼才是中國研究」的古老命題。作為學術自由的彰顯,研究江青對中共何以文革年代變得狂熱有助,同樣,研究中共派系政治也有助理順大躍進左傾盲動何以全國通行事後沒有追究處罰。況且隔洋研究中國問題,有研究結果上的差別不出奇,等於毛年代的「敵人一天一天爛下去」未見出現,同樣有落差。可是一旦以七十年代「為誰研究中國」框架看問題,西方對中國的研究都極為容易跌入安東尼奧尼《中國》的窠臼:沒有宣傳中共正面形象;中共的反彈則如一九七四年人民出版社的反安東尼奧尼文章匯集書名一樣﹕《中國人民不可侮——批判安東尼奧尼反華影片「中國」》。儘管後來中共解說江青藉事件向周恩來施壓,是中共宮廷政治的折射云云,然而陰暗的鬥爭始終令人不快。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb& H( A$ Q- X- c' K
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這一條從四十年代重慶而發的中國通之路,有被中共統戰的時代,也有被中共狠批的日子,歲月來往之間,這條研究之路並不好走——若是被認為在適當的時間做適當的事,也許會像重慶年代的費正清謝偉思那樣精神舒暢;反之,在被認為在不適當的時間做不適當的事就會成為箭靶聲聲討伐。至於何以有此差別,恐怕外人難知箇中究竟,我最怕是有人弄錯,把研究中國問題的中國通,搞亂了以為是售賣中國關係的政治掮客,像美國幾位前高官那樣,只講好話不講批評。 4 n4 I$ q2 _" W0 x( @5.39.217.76 9 E/ F* N$ o. {' E" k% x4 B作者: felicity2010 時間: 2015-3-29 10:18 AM
本帖最後由 felicity2010 於 2015-3-29 10:42 AM 編輯 tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb6 I- c" @1 k& {. `3 n/ z o
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Minxin Pei: The Real Singapore Model5.39.217.769 m. k" _1 @5 I- j# K7 }
! q; b a. F, Z3 u! V# e9 G公仔箱論壇 $ V' B0 U* j+ `, x0 Ftvb now,tvbnow,bttvbCLAREMONT, CALIFORNIA – The death of Lee Kuan Yew, Singapore’s founding father, offers an occasion to reflect on his legacy –and, perhaps more importantly, on whether that legacy has been correctly understood. . {" M3 x) F, }; J3 r: h* Q公仔箱論壇 & D# [6 ?4 p7 K1 y7 O7 W5.39.217.76During his 31 years as prime minister, Lee crafted a unique system of government, intricately balancing authoritarianism with democracy and state capitalism with the free market. Known as “the Singapore model,” Lee’s brand of governance is often mischaracterized as a one-party dictatorship superimposed on a free-market economy. His success in transforming Singapore into a prosperous city-state is frequently invoked by authoritarian rulers as justification for their tight control of society – and nowhere more so than in China. 公仔箱論壇' `( r$ |: v% e5 K* i
6 B" U1 m9 ], `# [8 j5.39.217.76Indeed, Chinese President Xi Jinping is pursuing a transformative agenda heavily influenced by the Singapore model – a relentless war on corruption, a broad crackdown on dissent, and pro-market economic reforms. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) sees in Singapore a vision of its future: the perpetuation of its monopoly on political power in a prosperous capitalist society. 5.39.217.76. I- G1 U! a3 T6 Q0 |+ Y$ R
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But the Singapore model, as China’s rulers understand it, never existed. To emulate Lee’s model of government – rather than its cartoon caricature – would require allowing a far more democratic system than the CCP would ever tolerate. 4 S- W+ d* v" {, ?5 Ntvb now,tvbnow,bttvb , R2 p" G4 n- B7 D4 X/ Wtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbThe true secret of Lee’s political genius was not his skillful use of repressive practices, such as launching lawsuits against the media or his political opponents; such tactics are common and unremarkable in semi-authoritarian regimes. What Lee did that was truly revolutionary was to use democratic institutions and the rule of law to curb the predatory appetite of his country’s ruling elite. j! F8 S* ?; } j) C6 u9 eTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。公仔箱論壇+ H/ Q* t0 F' j# G9 \9 m: M
Unlike China, Singapore allows opposition parties to contest in competitive and free (though not necessarily fair)elections. In the last parliamentary election in 2011, six opposition parties won a total of 40%of the vote. Should the People’s Action Party (PAP), the party Lee founded,lose its legitimacy due to poor governance, Singapore’s voters could throw it out of office. : M& n5 Z1 t1 c
! O, I* \ E$ r* c% M5.39.217.76By holding regular competitive elections, Lee effectively established a mechanism of political self-enforcement and accountability – he gave Singaporean voters the power to decide whether the PAP should stay in power. This enforcement mechanism has maintained discipline within Singapore’s ruling elite and makes its promises credible. TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。4 x$ G4 E: K# z
Regrettably, most of the rest of the world has never given Lee proper credit for crafting a hybrid system of authoritarianism and democracy that vastly improved the well being of his country’s citizens, without subjecting them to the brutality and oppression to which many of Singapore’s neighbors have resorted. $ W. `" M+ S/ y7 v3 V$ i* |: C5.39.217.76 & D H/ R+ V# U) y( k' [- CChina would be wise to embrace this model, by introducing a considerable degree of democracy and strengthening adherence to the rule of law. China’s 1.4 billion citizens would benefit immensely if their rulers were to adopt Singapore-style political institutions and practices. This would mean, at a minimum, legalizing organized political opposition,introducing competitive elections at regular intervals, and creating an independent judiciary. ' _5 \) P6 T: b) D" i, ~
P& I1 m4 J! ] \% b- R公仔箱論壇Emulating Lee would allow China to achieve immense progress and become a more humane and open society with a brighter future. Sadly, there is almost no chance of this happening, at least any time soon. When China’s leaders cite the Singapore model, what they have in mind is limited to the perpetuation of their power. They want the benefits of political dominance, without the checks imposed by a competitive institutional context. x' y: t$ M4 ]3 |7 B2 D- V5.39.217.76 0 {3 p4 G0 i4 mtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbLee may have been skeptical about the benefits of democracy, but he was not viscerally hostile to it; he understood its usefulness. By contrast, China’s leaders view democracy as an existential ideological threat that must be neutralized at any cost. For them, allowing even a modicum of democracy as a means to impose some discipline on the elite is considered suicidal. & c3 o- T& K1 D, s" f4 C0 ~
' q1 u6 m' X2 h9 J; m) | A5.39.217.76Unfortunately, Lee is no longer with us. One would like to imagine him explaining to China’s leaders what has been truly innovative about the Singapore model. Obviously, that is not an option. But it would behoove the CCP – if for no other reason than simple respect for one of Asia’s great statesmen – to stop appropriating the Singapore brand in the service of a completely different agenda. 作者: billzhang 時間: 2015-3-29 10:31 PM