7 P* Y6 h. G( j# A. }9 M: dtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbWhat China Means by ‘Rule of Law’ # ~' ?0 F: z5 g$ [2 VBy PAUL GEWIRTZTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。% w* a% A1 N* u9 |+ A
, P! ]1 `5 X- w+ G1 l* _; f7 `NEW HAVEN — Two weeks ago, with the democracy protests in Hong Kong in full swing, China’s official People’s Daily newspaper labeled them“illegal” and called for protecting “the rule of law” in Hong Kong. Such statements left observers with little doubt about a central meaning “the rule of law” has in the People’s Republic: the Communist Party’s use of law to control and regulate society. M4 e2 Y9 z- o公仔箱論壇5.39.217.76- e t/ T- A4 D2 I% ?0 t8 m' x
Yet there’s plenty of evidence that China sees the rule of law in far more nuanced and complex ways. Today the Communist Party’s 18th Central Committee starts its Fourth Plenum, and the main topic will be the rule of law in China — the first time in party history that a meeting with the authority of a plenary session will focus on the rule of law. And there are reasons for a measure of optimism that the plenum will demonstrate more complex views about the roles law can play and also take meaningful steps to advance new legal reforms.1 ^& k0 H4 r! a: T
: _) f- k; Y# Y2 t" {* m- B( bOf course, legal reform has major limits in China’s one-party authoritarian system. There won’t be true judicial independence. All bets are off whenever the party sees a threat to its continued power; steps toward the rule of law don’t mean steps toward multiparty political democracy, which China’s current leaders totally resist. When the plenum issues its report, it will surely underscore that one central role of law is to maintain social order.5.39.217.76; x) P9 W; ]; y
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But, contrary to what pessimistic observers have predicted, the plenum is not likely to treat law as merely a tool for the party to control Chinese society, a throwback to the “Legalist School” of philosophy from 2,200 years ago which President Xi Jinping seems fond of quoting. Chinese society and its legal system have already changed too fundamentally for that, and the current regime led by Mr. Xi has already signed onto many reforms and even adjustments in ideology that represent positive steps toward a modern system of rule of law. These changes aren’t just window-dressing; they reflect the leadership’s recognition that it needs to improve governance, address widespread public grievances, and respond to public opinion. " ~) C* \! }( h4 O" l4 N5.39.217.76公仔箱論壇, @/ t. ~7 K6 q: @) ~, K3 e" Z
Consider some legal reforms that have been made in just the last few years. Use of the death penalty has been cut roughly in half, with improved procedures for deciding on its use. A new Criminal Procedure Law has been adopted, providing significantly more protections to suspects and defendants. The odious system of “re-education through labor” has been abolished (though, to be sure, what will replace it is still not clear).tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb) q5 H$ v) Y. Y8 [% i: _* [
9 }1 Q% F i" g) m( B( o8 ]7 ?A sea change has taken place in government transparency, with important requirements of open government information changing the relationship between the state and citizens. Zhou Qiang, the strong new president of the Supreme People’s Court,recently issued a five-year judicial reform plan promising to enhance court independence from interfering local governments, increase judicial openness and transparency, improve fairness to individual litigants, and further professionalize judging.公仔箱論壇: B Q6 Y6 H8 b7 I+ c/ y
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Some critics point to recent official statements demonizing “constitutionalism” and ask how can China be serious about legal reform if it denigrates or sidelines its own Constitution. In fact, “constitutionalism” has become a code word for a specific idea: importing Western political democracy, which China’s leaders will not accept. But as for the Constitution itself, Mr. Xi recently called it China’s “fundamental law” and said that to “govern the nation by law means to govern in accordance with the Constitution.” China currently has no effective mechanism for enforcing its Constitution — a major deficiency — but at least that crucial topic is now being openly discussed.公仔箱論壇 R6 e3 b1 b1 b/ v
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China’s leaders see improving the legal system not simply as a way to control society but as away to rein in wayward bureaucrats, insist that local officials carry out national policies, establish rules of the road for a more robust economy,provide peaceful ways for citizens to resolve disputes and seek redress for grievances, reduce the corruption that’s seen as the greatest threat to the Party’s continued hold on power — in short, to constrain government itself, not just to control society and contain social unrest. Mr. Xi may have been playing to the crowds when he recently spoke of “locking power in a cage,” but it was a recognition that the party needs to constrain some of its power in order to keep it.6 F% k6 d/ `% }7 x+ ^
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。5 f; M1 O; K- |+ } M
Moreover, China’s maturing legal community, as well as ordinary Chinese citizens, follow these developments carefully, so expectations have been raised. Failure to deliver and actually enforce reforms would create a destabilizing push back on China’s leaders. The most convincing reason for outsiders to be cautiously optimistic about these developments is that many legal figures within China, like the revered legal scholar and reformer Jiang Ping, have written about the plenum with cautious optimism. $ I: _- o; i( ]) k! @This is not to say that China is about to abandon its preoccupation with “social stability,” which too often means silencing or imprisoning peaceful dissenters and activists who blow the whistle on some of the country’s many woes, including environmental degradation, abuses of power and needless policies against Tibetans and Uighurs.. But in the eyes of China’s leaders, social stability is what enabled China to lift hundreds of millions of people out of poverty in a mere few decades, generate huge economic growth, and peacefully re-establish China as a major power among nations. The prospects for legal reform will be greatly enhanced if China’s leaders come to see how the rule of law itself contributes to social stability. # b" j- @9 i L! N w" f \TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 5 m- V" u3 [4 [( U: R8 U: p" b( [, b5.39.217.76Above all, we should recognize that every reform made or promised in China, even in a regime that contains factions opposed to reform, provides an opening for a large group of scholars, activists, reform-minded officials, as well as ordinary citizens to push to implement the changes and to find new openings for reform. The constraints are real, but so are the dynamics for producing ongoing reforms.5.39.217.76# V) z4 f' r% }! C* E( {
l3 s' p1 O2 |; _+ `" H6 ITVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb. y- [! t& T# v! i( `+ y Paul Gewirtz is a professor of law, and the director of the China Center, at Yale Law School. 作者: maniac2000 時間: 2014-10-29 09:13 AM
中华人民共和国宪法序言第七段已经明文规定党领导一切，包括所谓的人大，人民民主专政，所以这次的四中全会，只是明确了党权高于一切而已，用反腐打击对手，提高自己个人形象与地位，再以明确法权属于党领导之下，强调一党独裁的合法性，这就是中共也是习近平的施政方针与理念。在四大全会的决议中，明文规定，可以对“不全时适"的法律进行修改，也就说明。党有修改法律的权力。这种根本就不是什么法治。完完全全的党权治国。与当纳粹上台后的所作所为没有一丝一毫区别。党权高于法权，党干部滥用党权，欺压法权，违法轻究，违法不究的年代即将开始。悲哉我中华大地，悲哉我中华百姓！作者: felicity2010 時間: 2014-10-31 07:08 AM
本帖最後由 felicity2010 於 2014-10-31 07:09 AM 編輯 5.39.217.76/ y; {" L* |5 w! A
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刑法修正案減言論維權空間tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb8 O% R9 \- W9 {- i- z1 u
造謠納刑事 擾亂法庭定義擴充 ' @8 R( {0 H4 z7 M$ g6 J xTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。公仔箱論壇8 K7 @2 p4 l. u4 Y$ U
# {" `! |7 k: z* ]8 a6 G! B! o" w【明報專訊】明天即將結束的十二屆全國人大常委會第十一次會議，正在審議《刑法修正案（九）草案》，除了將9項非暴力罪名取消死刑，被指在尊重人權方面有所進步，但同時又增加了網絡犯罪的條款，造謠正式 納入刑事罪範圍，可能會壓縮網絡言論空間。此外，擾亂法庭秩序罪的範圍也有所擴充。有律師擔心，維權案件的辯護將更加艱難。/ L; A P& g- M. [
8 }6 N5 U K$ A2 itvb now,tvbnow,bttvb 3 ~. X4 B+ _- w( y% F& FTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。刪帖致罪證滅失須負刑責 + s, s' [3 s8 i* dTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb6 h! K2 d1 q+ ~
草案條款中增加了對網絡犯罪的規定，並增加了網站的責任，規定網絡服務商若不履行網絡安全管理義務，經提醒拒絕執行措施，致使違法信息大量傳播、用戶信息泄漏，造成嚴重後果的，或致使刑事犯罪證據滅失，嚴重妨害司法機關追究犯罪的，都可追究刑事責任。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。; P0 x/ K# |% d. U0 L
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北京大學新聞與傳播學院教授胡泳對本報表示，政府和警方從營運商調取後台資料的做法，以前也有，但對「證據滅失」要追責，還是第一次寫入刑法，這種升級會使網站加強自我審查。而過往這類問題一般僅會行政處罰，現在涉及刑罰，運營商須準備更多資源和成本。草案增加規定了編造、傳播虛假信息的犯罪，「傳播謠言」 亦正式成為刑事罪。1 L& q, |) ]1 ?0 `. f" q
6 q2 J; Q/ ^. R6 }7 j5 Z% L! Gtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb胡泳表示，原來是用司法解釋來作為懲罰造謠的法律依據，現在寫入刑法，日後無論是網民還是網絡運營商，都會更加小心。 1 W) C# c& {# ^: M2 r/ H7 L$ y" l & a! C, _* r* i* q0 stvb now,tvbnow,bttvb+ U$ R# u8 E# l+ F9 ^! s
[attach]2971394[/attach]公仔箱論壇% \" r6 I- O" A) N) d
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。2 a# A$ u8 g0 q2 I5 q
專家：網站將加強自我審查公仔箱論壇: N3 f6 M1 J9 e4 ]" ^
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刑法修正案關於「擾亂法庭秩序罪」的修改，也遭法律界詬病。此前，只有聚眾哄鬧、衝擊法庭，毆打司法工作人員構成這一罪名，但草案擴闊了罪名範圍，「侮辱、誹謗、威脅司法工作人員或者訴訟參與人，不聽法庭制止」等行為也構成犯罪。 - v: U2 O4 x5 e" M; T5 qTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。; ^. ?! v' n* r4 E- w8 ^
維權律師劉曉原向本報指出，雖然草案的受害主體包括了涵蓋律師的「訴訟參與人」，但他相信在實際操作上，只會針對維權律師、被告和旁聽的群眾，而且罪名容易擴大化。他說，在實際情况中，經常會出現法官藐視當事人，侮辱當事人的行為，「法官衝動駡了我們，他們也不會處罰，但我們就麻煩了」。 5 ~, H7 R1 Z9 J8 K; E3 I5.39.217.76 * r. n2 _4 W$ w公仔箱論壇2 T/ {; E1 z3 d; z5 x
維權律師轟泄密雙重標準TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。$ r) b7 I. Z7 O
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草案還規定，辯護人、訴訟代理人或者其他訴訟參與人，泄露依法不公開審理的案件中不應當公開的信息，造成信息公開傳播或者其他嚴重後果的，亦構成犯罪。劉曉原認為這一規定只會有助於當局壟斷庭外話語權。5.39.217.760 V& I: z. j- ]. b7 O
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。. k# }1 K& J0 l
他憶述，在維族學者伊力哈木被控分裂國家案中辯護時，法院不停提醒他，案件涉及分裂國家，不能向外披露證據，但另一方面，中央電視台卻播出對伊力哈木不利的證據，他說：「一方面在做依法治國、公正公開，另一方面設置很多司法透明的障礙。」 & I* x" [" s6 k# \9 stvb now,tvbnow,bttvbtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb, x- `5 j5 ]) [3 b) b. N0 E6 l( K
[attach]2971395[/attach]TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。* c' C3 f3 `& a }
8 Y. s; F5 P6 o1 E0 X2 ]) j5 n0 }# n公仔箱論壇第九修正案需待明年人大全會通過 ; L2 @+ y% z1 q2 n( C; E " C8 O; s- M- O7 [公仔箱論壇【明報專訊】刑法修正案（九）並不會在本次的全國人大常委會會議上有定案，而要等待明年3月的十二屆全國人大第二次會議才能審議通過。公仔箱論壇8 `, N, h3 s' m9 ?
現時所用的《刑法》於1979年7月1日全國人大會議通過，並在1997年3月的的全國人大會議經過修訂。1999年開始有第一份修正案 * F6 y8 E( Z1 z) }3 _TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb' {+ l/ n4 N! V% T! U) O8 j
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擬廢除9個罪名死刑 9 g9 P1 B# V& ~! S$ L. r3 f1 kTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。; K: [5 D8 E9 n6 D
歷年來，刑法修正案的主要條款，大部分被認為是漸趨符合人道主義、與國際接軌。2011年，《刑法修正案（八）》取消了68項死刑罪名中的13項，絕大部分是經濟犯罪名。今次會議審議的刑法修正案（九）又擬廢除9個罪名的死刑。 + r6 N3 C6 w, Q$ Z. \5 M9 X 0 B1 e# w% ? g. O同時，隨着中國各種社會問題的突出，刑法的修改也有針對性的增加了相關罪名。例如2011年通過的刑法修正案（八）針對國內嚴重的醉駕現象、拖欠勞工薪金的現象，把醉酒駕駛、惡意欠薪列為觸犯刑法的行為。同時，把涉及食品安全犯罪的最高刑罰提高至死刑。 4 s0 ^3 U0 d1 R$ d. X公仔箱論壇5.39.217.76! V. P1 t3 G0 I! H" a' K
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。: A! o% d" t& S7 ~! n1 g
兩省官入四中決定起草組 1 a* S, ]: X% Htvb now,tvbnow,bttvb3 r; ?6 ^1 Q3 B9 r
【明報專訊】人民出版社出版發行中共十八屆四中全會的官方解讀——《〈中共中央關於全面推進依法治國若干重大問題的決定〉輔導讀本》，《讀本》收錄了包括國家主席習近平、全國人大委員長張德江、中紀委書記王岐山在內的12名黨和國家領導人以及36名省部級高官的文章，他們也全部是四中全會文件起草小組成員。: h0 a! X; @& F; R p9 m
