* @2 d3 ^9 ~! d J0 f葛維寶稱，在中國同樣包含了很多反對改革制度的社會人士，無不令改革派受到阻礙；對此，他認同中國改革的步伐與進程。 : [3 k- z8 N0 y4 A9 [& b$ j; t4 k公仔箱論壇 : E% Z C1 W8 ]: O, r9 o- B 7 r# F& I+ z \8 A4 W# p$ r! A: pWhat China Means by ‘Rule of Law’ % G: @) W1 ^9 Y; m" |5 h1 ztvb now,tvbnow,bttvbBy PAUL GEWIRTZTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。; w3 N3 u$ r, D; B2 k8 x7 e b
8 Q* G$ j2 n* h: l* z/ N$ q8 eTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。NEW HAVEN — Two weeks ago, with the democracy protests in Hong Kong in full swing, China’s official People’s Daily newspaper labeled them“illegal” and called for protecting “the rule of law” in Hong Kong. Such statements left observers with little doubt about a central meaning “the rule of law” has in the People’s Republic: the Communist Party’s use of law to control and regulate society. \( q' r) a5 g! Y; r' a6 S) yTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。4 q8 ]' E1 Z+ B
Yet there’s plenty of evidence that China sees the rule of law in far more nuanced and complex ways. Today the Communist Party’s 18th Central Committee starts its Fourth Plenum, and the main topic will be the rule of law in China — the first time in party history that a meeting with the authority of a plenary session will focus on the rule of law. And there are reasons for a measure of optimism that the plenum will demonstrate more complex views about the roles law can play and also take meaningful steps to advance new legal reforms.; Y7 ]/ N) q( i. `
4 t* h$ ^& H) Y3 j. F/ xOf course, legal reform has major limits in China’s one-party authoritarian system. There won’t be true judicial independence. All bets are off whenever the party sees a threat to its continued power; steps toward the rule of law don’t mean steps toward multiparty political democracy, which China’s current leaders totally resist. When the plenum issues its report, it will surely underscore that one central role of law is to maintain social order.公仔箱論壇! [3 q3 k6 Z8 E2 D8 }3 y
6 y" n8 Z6 d, N p5.39.217.76But, contrary to what pessimistic observers have predicted, the plenum is not likely to treat law as merely a tool for the party to control Chinese society, a throwback to the “Legalist School” of philosophy from 2,200 years ago which President Xi Jinping seems fond of quoting. Chinese society and its legal system have already changed too fundamentally for that, and the current regime led by Mr. Xi has already signed onto many reforms and even adjustments in ideology that represent positive steps toward a modern system of rule of law. These changes aren’t just window-dressing; they reflect the leadership’s recognition that it needs to improve governance, address widespread public grievances, and respond to public opinion. % |0 [9 i; @( D5 W7 e( F公仔箱論壇TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。5 H9 Y6 i' j7 z$ n
Consider some legal reforms that have been made in just the last few years. Use of the death penalty has been cut roughly in half, with improved procedures for deciding on its use. A new Criminal Procedure Law has been adopted, providing significantly more protections to suspects and defendants. The odious system of “re-education through labor” has been abolished (though, to be sure, what will replace it is still not clear).7 b2 ^, X$ |' @6 @2 Y/ c, l
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A sea change has taken place in government transparency, with important requirements of open government information changing the relationship between the state and citizens. Zhou Qiang, the strong new president of the Supreme People’s Court,recently issued a five-year judicial reform plan promising to enhance court independence from interfering local governments, increase judicial openness and transparency, improve fairness to individual litigants, and further professionalize judging. : H* R% H! J9 h( Z9 `0 jtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb9 v* x0 j) @. J( s
Some critics point to recent official statements demonizing “constitutionalism” and ask how can China be serious about legal reform if it denigrates or sidelines its own Constitution. In fact, “constitutionalism” has become a code word for a specific idea: importing Western political democracy, which China’s leaders will not accept. But as for the Constitution itself, Mr. Xi recently called it China’s “fundamental law” and said that to “govern the nation by law means to govern in accordance with the Constitution.” China currently has no effective mechanism for enforcing its Constitution — a major deficiency — but at least that crucial topic is now being openly discussed.% m# A: ?9 C# G% f
# P, i: {1 o' W" I* J. LChina’s leaders see improving the legal system not simply as a way to control society but as away to rein in wayward bureaucrats, insist that local officials carry out national policies, establish rules of the road for a more robust economy,provide peaceful ways for citizens to resolve disputes and seek redress for grievances, reduce the corruption that’s seen as the greatest threat to the Party’s continued hold on power — in short, to constrain government itself, not just to control society and contain social unrest. Mr. Xi may have been playing to the crowds when he recently spoke of “locking power in a cage,” but it was a recognition that the party needs to constrain some of its power in order to keep it. # y- X% |! H+ Q" |公仔箱論壇TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。4 m0 s5 M# i5 y3 R
Moreover, China’s maturing legal community, as well as ordinary Chinese citizens, follow these developments carefully, so expectations have been raised. Failure to deliver and actually enforce reforms would create a destabilizing push back on China’s leaders. The most convincing reason for outsiders to be cautiously optimistic about these developments is that many legal figures within China, like the revered legal scholar and reformer Jiang Ping, have written about the plenum with cautious optimism.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。: s, J) R, \+ p5 o
This is not to say that China is about to abandon its preoccupation with “social stability,” which too often means silencing or imprisoning peaceful dissenters and activists who blow the whistle on some of the country’s many woes, including environmental degradation, abuses of power and needless policies against Tibetans and Uighurs.. But in the eyes of China’s leaders, social stability is what enabled China to lift hundreds of millions of people out of poverty in a mere few decades, generate huge economic growth, and peacefully re-establish China as a major power among nations. The prospects for legal reform will be greatly enhanced if China’s leaders come to see how the rule of law itself contributes to social stability.# N9 x; F' f6 ]. J7 B' G
- ^, M! a( ]# kAbove all, we should recognize that every reform made or promised in China, even in a regime that contains factions opposed to reform, provides an opening for a large group of scholars, activists, reform-minded officials, as well as ordinary citizens to push to implement the changes and to find new openings for reform. The constraints are real, but so are the dynamics for producing ongoing reforms. / b) U Z f1 r- H* H 7 w. Z" o" v' b0 Ftvb now,tvbnow,bttvb5.39.217.765 v' J; h( B8 u4 r$ S Paul Gewirtz is a professor of law, and the director of the China Center, at Yale Law School. 作者: maniac2000 時間: 2014-10-29 09:13 AM
中华人民共和国宪法序言第七段已经明文规定党领导一切，包括所谓的人大，人民民主专政，所以这次的四中全会，只是明确了党权高于一切而已，用反腐打击对手，提高自己个人形象与地位，再以明确法权属于党领导之下，强调一党独裁的合法性，这就是中共也是习近平的施政方针与理念。在四大全会的决议中，明文规定，可以对“不全时适"的法律进行修改，也就说明。党有修改法律的权力。这种根本就不是什么法治。完完全全的党权治国。与当纳粹上台后的所作所为没有一丝一毫区别。党权高于法权，党干部滥用党权，欺压法权，违法轻究，违法不究的年代即将开始。悲哉我中华大地，悲哉我中华百姓！作者: felicity2010 時間: 2014-10-31 07:08 AM
本帖最後由 felicity2010 於 2014-10-31 07:09 AM 編輯 # C9 P. _9 i& Q! x* m
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刑法修正案減言論維權空間5.39.217.76! a$ \6 l5 p- v6 ^
造謠納刑事 擾亂法庭定義擴充 / N* h8 J. S+ w公仔箱論壇 ) M6 i6 K5 j3 s& ?/ L a公仔箱論壇 ( k& V" T0 e6 m2 r. VTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。【明報專訊】明天即將結束的十二屆全國人大常委會第十一次會議，正在審議《刑法修正案（九）草案》，除了將9項非暴力罪名取消死刑，被指在尊重人權方面有所進步，但同時又增加了網絡犯罪的條款，造謠正式 納入刑事罪範圍，可能會壓縮網絡言論空間。此外，擾亂法庭秩序罪的範圍也有所擴充。有律師擔心，維權案件的辯護將更加艱難。 1 I" @5 W2 D' g# dtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb 5 i" N- Y7 Q$ U1 G6 Y c9 b0 `5.39.217.76 # s: e- \5 q+ V' V刪帖致罪證滅失須負刑責1 p, f$ X3 {. y( p% M, h: b' }/ |* P
M' N* B# I' F( D公仔箱論壇草案條款中增加了對網絡犯罪的規定，並增加了網站的責任，規定網絡服務商若不履行網絡安全管理義務，經提醒拒絕執行措施，致使違法信息大量傳播、用戶信息泄漏，造成嚴重後果的，或致使刑事犯罪證據滅失，嚴重妨害司法機關追究犯罪的，都可追究刑事責任。5.39.217.761 d' |* j: g# f' S# n
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北京大學新聞與傳播學院教授胡泳對本報表示，政府和警方從營運商調取後台資料的做法，以前也有，但對「證據滅失」要追責，還是第一次寫入刑法，這種升級會使網站加強自我審查。而過往這類問題一般僅會行政處罰，現在涉及刑罰，運營商須準備更多資源和成本。草案增加規定了編造、傳播虛假信息的犯罪，「傳播謠言」 亦正式成為刑事罪。 4 C1 T* j: c# dtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb; X3 C& E! p' @* o& i) z
胡泳表示，原來是用司法解釋來作為懲罰造謠的法律依據，現在寫入刑法，日後無論是網民還是網絡運營商，都會更加小心。 ) ~( s% ~3 b; p# Z2 Z* ETVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。/ k+ G% L J s% @" |5 {
