本帖最後由 felicity2010 於 2012-2-7 10:03 AM 編輯 公仔箱論壇. n* G+ K y% }3 m+ l
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。8 r. p1 x }% z& j 沈旭暉:「反顏色革命」——解讀北京對港政策調整的國際關係框架0 ^; M/ x* a4 h$ M9 I
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「北京對港政策」是困難的研究題目,因為它會觸碰一些「敏感」概念,令西方學者不易接觸,也令內地學者難以描述,何况在個別情况下,這涉及比較政治、香港政治和國際關係的互動,超出了本土研究的範疇。北京近年以不同方式加強了對香港的實質關注,一般歸因於2003年的七一遊行,令董建華「足患」退場,但對另一個更重要的誘發事件,香港輿論則不大明瞭,這就是茉莉花革命前的「顏色革命」。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。+ U8 u4 Q t: _6 P1 p
( R* c7 K% T3 b0 v; Q' \- pTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。港人不關心顏色革命這類國際議題自屬常態,但我們若不明白「反顏色革命」的理論框架,就難以解釋若干本土爭議為何會刺激北京、難以理解何以孔慶東教授在內地個別群組極受歡迎,也會忽視一些重要事情正在身旁發生,例如外交部駐港特派員公署罕有地對美國駐港總領事正式警告,在外交界,那是大事。筆者從不贊成動輒以「反顏色革命」框架閱讀香港內政,對以此作文革式的上綱上線相當反感,但港人也是時候對這框架稍作了解,就像那些不認同布殊的美國自由派,也必須明白新保守主義的教義,才能知己知彼。7 Z0 U, }5 w1 h+ O$ |" p6 s @
8 P( f/ h* d: s) n) B! A 學界綜合「顏色革命」的十點特徵TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。7 p n, Y) b: i+ R2 e/ n
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究竟什麼是「顏色革命」,不同立場、學派有完全迥異的看法。但通過2003年格魯吉亞玫瑰革命、2004年烏克蘭橙色革命、2005年吉爾吉斯鬱金香革命,以及哈薩克、烏茲別克、白俄羅斯、阿塞拜疆、俄羅斯的「流產顏色革命」(先把其他案例剔除),我們還是可以綜合一個模式,對此可參考劍橋大學DavidLane教授2009年在《Journal ofCommunist Studies and Transition Politics》發表的〈"Coloured Revolution" as a Political Phenomenon〉,或內地學者編著的《街頭政治與「顏色革命」》。在上述研究的基礎上,筆者嘗試概括顏色革命促成政權更迭的特徵為十點:tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb _( J: | G6 A7 g
! _) f% q" v9 i! r公仔箱論壇(1)這些國家內部存在明顯矛盾,按關聯性量化研究,貧富差異愈大,愈易爆發衝突;$ M& z: j- O, D* l
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(2)顏色革命並非草根左翼革命,領袖都是社會精英,一般更是前政府高層,Lane稱為「革命政變」;/ j$ [8 p" w; J7 q5 c$ N; F5 M
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(3)顏色革命發生前,非政府組織(NGO)發展蓬勃,它們認同普世價值,個別接受西方基金會支持,以聯繫社會不同階層為目標; 1 f7 ?% r4 W' \/ g d- e公仔箱論壇0 Y/ P, g& t0 V6 l/ A
(4)認同普世價值的媒體,成了反對派在革命前累積軟實力的關鍵;5.39.217.76* M* I! o$ N. d
- j/ B: a/ X! {3 T(5)互聯網及新興媒體,能把個別事件推演為全國焦點;5.39.217.767 X6 X( V5 f1 h& `3 P! U& N
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(6)民主選舉是革命爆發的導火線,因為每逢選舉,均難免有不同程度的爭議,當這些國家的執政黨失去權威,爭議就容易被反對派動員;5.39.217.76' w, T4 V4 T; q; T
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(7)選舉被確認為不公,須經過選舉觀察員,或西方國家直接核實;TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。: \% m2 ~* v& j( n
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(8)民眾相信選舉不公,一般與民調結果和實質結果出現明顯落差有關(烏克蘭為典型); 6 f& }: A+ n" {' |: r" z Gtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb 1 U2 o% a4 W) l(9)群眾運動口號有直接民主、「大民主」等元素,作為推翻政府的理論基礎;' [" m ^, p: [) y3 z j
9 L: W5 g1 g# E$ Q$ D+ b5.39.217.76(10)革命強調非暴力,國家機器以擾亂秩序為由鎮壓,會立刻失去道德高地。- c0 W( R. W5 y" U
本帖最後由 felicity2010 於 2012-2-7 10:09 AM 編輯 0 D' d0 E- J3 @TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb& a; D' q/ L: w1 D; h7 p# c T Mischa Gabowitsch: A Strategy for Russia’s Snow Revolution % d9 L& B5 S' l( q 6 D* Y/ f N% J) d3 N5 f/ q6 `' c % t! V L- |: G* t/ V2 \# I[attach]1583967[/attach]5.39.217.76, B2 r. T7 ~- [
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MOSCOW – Nonviolent revolutions do not always remain nonviolent, as the examples of uprisings in Egypt,Libya, and Syria in the Arab Spring have shown. But peaceful movements for regime change often do succeed. They have toppled illegitimate rulers, as with the post-Soviet“color revolutions” in Georgia and Ukraine,and ended apartheid in South Africa,for example, or, before that, the Jim Crow system in the American South.Non-violent movements broke British rule in India and Malawi, and brought down authoritarian regimes in Chile,the Philippines,and Portugal.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb0 |5 C. ~5 d1 y f6 F
8 ^5 T: n, x: c' N( q5.39.217.76On the surface, most of these cases seem so different from present-day Russia as to be irrelevant to the success or failure of the current protests against Vladimir Putin’s continued rule and the protesters’ call for free,fair, and competitive elections. But which differences are important? % [& A! N9 z9 l- \5 M. `tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb ) H o5 M4 c. u# I+ ~" D3 RThe immediate outcomes of nonviolent movements for political change are not decided by macro-factors such as levels of education, unemployment, or the presence of a modern middle class. After all, civil resistance has succeeded in poor, backward countries, like India,and failed in rich, educated ones, like the Gulf states. ( C& i" b6 V% j" YTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 + M' t7 N$ y" k' H+ `Nor do short-term windows of opportunity play a decisive role: no serious economic crisis was needed for Chileans to oust General Augusto Pinochet, and Panama’s Manuel Noriega survived a massive nonviolent protest movement, despite crippling economic problems and divisions within the ruling elite.5.39.217.760 S6 [$ N7 l0 z8 b8 H
& }' T! Y' }( d4 p# ^6 ]TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Recent research by the sociologists Erica Chenoweth, Maria J. Stephan, and Sharon Erickson Nepstad shows that one factor more than any other determines whether nonviolent struggles succeed: protesters’ decision to adopt nonviolence itself. Indeed, Chenoweth and Stephan have shown that peaceful protests are more than twice as likely as violent confrontation to bring about complete or partial regime change. 8 \5 z/ V8 M) A+ A$ ~$ a - F* ~4 W9 C! R1 V* R4 K; uBut the outcome of civil resistance also depends on the precise methods used. Challenging the regime’s legitimacy and withholding skills and material resources from it are important, as is creating free spaces for dissent and maintaining the movement’s unity and clarity of purpose. Most importantly, as Nepstad has shown, a protest movement aimed at regime change needs to win over critical parts of the police and armed forces. 7 I, w3 T2 ^: M2 p公仔箱論壇8 o" T5 A: H; w4 Y
Conversely, a government that secures the unconditional loyalty of its troops will be able to crush even the most sustained popular protests. Yet it can do so only at the cost of much bloodshed, and a half-hearted or ineffectual crackdown makes the protesters’ triumph much more likely.# Q: j+ o) e6 S
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Given this, what are the prospects for Russia’s current protest movement? So far, it has gotten many things right. It has focused on a single demand: fair elections. It has united liberals, communists,nationalists, and otherwise apolitical citizens in a broad coalition, despite these groups’ mutual disdain and a colossal potential for rifts. . `: A+ Q' K1 j3 x+ r6 q- dtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb - A1 R! }2 ?5 l9 Z N公仔箱論壇Like the 2000 Serbian uprising against Slobodan Milošević, the Russian movement has produced an astonishing upsurge in grassroots creativity and political wit. A good example is the recent “nano-protest” in the Siberian city of Barnaul, where police officers were forced to write up a report on a group of Lego figures brandishing slogans. These toy protests have now spread to other cities. b0 s; Q. \0 s4 j( C. I" E7 wTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。To circumvent biased reporting on state television and bridge the huge distances between Russian cities, the protesters have used decentralized means of communication such as social networks. High-speed Internet connections have penetrated remote corners of Russia in recent years, and blogging services such as LiveJournal have been prominent for a decade. Thus, the Internet plays a more important role than it did in Iran’s abortive Green Revolution or during the Arab Spring. ( F0 J8 t: m2 g$ `) j) Xtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。. M- `: k, T/ T9 M+ A% N
Nonetheless, Russia’s size could become a liability for the protesters if things come to a head and,say, Putin refuses to accept a defeat in the March election. While there have been regular protests in cities from Stravropol in the south to Khabarovsk in the Far East, only Moscow and Saint Petersburg have seen true mass demonstrations. As in Serbiain 2000 or Ukraine in 2004, where demonstrations played out mainly in the capital cities, Russia’s metropolises have long been hotbeds of dissent. Unlike Serbia and Ukraine,however, provincial protesters would be unable to come to the rescue in case of a showdown. 3 o U* q7 q+ ~ i& f5.39.217.76TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。- |4 w5 D) C; l0 r
In the Philippines in 1986, Ferdinand Marcos’s tanks were stopped by nuns and small children. In the fall of 1989, East German soldiers joined their fellow citizens in the protests that brought down the Berlin Wall. But, during the same year in China,protesters in Beijing were crushed by troops from Inner Mongolia who didn’t understand Mandarin and had no sympathy for big-city dwellers.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。1 T* B0 C6 k, ~8 m! k
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While army units or riot squads (OMON) stationed in Moscow are too disgruntled by the recent police and military reforms to participate in a bloody clampdown, special-operations forces from the provinces, staffed with veterans of the Chechen war, might cherish the excitement of sticking it to the Moscow fat cats. Likewise, army officers from poorer regions are more grateful for the salary hike that Putin’s United Russia party announced, with much fanfare, shortly before the recent Duma election.公仔箱論壇) m+ F- f @& {6 J* z6 v* A6 S
: b) |: e3 A% z) E) A/ b8 s公仔箱論壇But, while some parts of the security apparatus might support an initial crackdown, violent repression would be difficult to sustain. That means that Putin would be well advised to heed the protesters’ demands and call new and fair parliamentary elections. If he opts for violent confrontation, the short-term outcome will be decided by the loyalty of the armed forces. His long-term fate, however, would be much grimmer. ' D% L- e: H2 ]) r- v; G0 d5.39.217.76 $ j( b) }) Q, B0 g$ sTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb" c/ W5 {2 V5 O6 _+ | C; |
Mischa Gabowitsch is a research fellow at the Einstein Forumin Potsdam, Germany.