歐債危機處理蝸步前進 工商時報5.39.217.768 t0 M/ D. T# X7 Y, t$ u0 r: x
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TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。( H) ?1 M" O; l. Z; @* u; f! v
$ N* S: L- U" ], x $ j. |+ a# h8 j$ ITVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。新一輪歐盟(European Union)峰會結論在引頸企盼中出爐,雖然沒有對市場造成衝擊,但也沒有帶來驚喜。持平而論,任何一個試圖解決歐債危機結構性問題的努力,都是正向的發展。然而正如任何慢性病般,不可能單靠一帖藥方即藥到病除,因此治療的原則應該是把握「解除病因,並緩解病徵」的原則。然而12月8~9日峰會所提出的方案,雖然在解決歐盟長期的結構性問題上有重大進展,然卻無法有效緩解因之而起的併發症-信貸擠壓。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。* v Z0 q! ^# _$ s, R, A+ Q9 y% t
% C. D% S. D5 W' W* i( ytvb now,tvbnow,bttvb就解除病因言,這次峰會的一大重點在於強化會員國家財政紀律,參與的26國除同意明確地約束其財政赤字外,亦接受違反赤字規則時的懲罰及糾正程序的規範。雖然歐盟原即有「穩定與成長協議(Stability and Growth Pact, SGP)」約束各國財政紀律,然而其懲罰機制並非自動執行,而是必須經過歐盟理事會(Council of the European Union, CEU)通過後方可實施,因此即便SGP具有嚇阻作用,但在無人膽敢揮舞這項利器的情況下,SGP形同虛設。此外,2005年歐盟對SGP條款進行修改,放寬財政赤字的認定標準,導致各國財政紀律更加渙散。為避免重蹈覆轍,這次的峰會決議,SGP處罰機制由原先的CEU決議後才能實施,改由相對中立的歐盟執委會(European Commission, EC)認定後自動實施。此外,各國憲法也將納入新的預算平衡原則,從國家層級確保未來的財政規範可以有效地被遵守。 * o" `1 h! x8 ^( T% g5.39.217.769 C; y; J* P6 [
這次峰會中更賦予EC凌駕於各國主權之上的權力,一旦歐元區會員國違反財政紀律規範,EC將有權修改該國的預算編列,表明各國願意放棄部份財政自主權,接受來自歐盟層級組織的監管,對歐元區的整合可謂邁進一大步。然而,歐元區的結構性問題不只是財政約束鬆散,還包含共同貨幣下競爭力較差國家難以扭轉競爭力低迷的頹勢。令人失望的是,如同過去兩年召開的峰會般,這次歐盟高層依舊沒有就扭轉各國競爭力差距日益擴大的結構性問題提出解決辦法。因此,歐債危機的病因雖然可以因為財政更緊密的結合而獲得一定程度的控制,但卻難以根治。5.39.217.76; W; E, j2 U# G' M" z
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除此之外,2011年8月起,歐債危機已經從過去的主權債信危機透過金融中介管道演變為金融危機,因此侷限在處理主權債信危機的政策並無法有效地遏止金融危機的蔓延。原先在12月8~9日峰會之前,市場曾熱切地期待,歐盟峰會將會就財政同盟達成初步共識,此舉將有助於解決主權債信危機;市場期待,若歐元區國家財政可以更緊密地結合,將會說服歐洲央行(ECB)承擔更多責任,解決目前包含部分歐元區國家以及金融機構流動性不足的燃眉之急。惟12月8日ECB雖然降息並宣布擴大非傳統性貨幣政策的範疇,但M. Draghi總裁卻在會後的記者會中斷然拒絕擴大購買歐豬五國(PIIGS)國家公債,並拒絕透過ECB借道IMF干預PIIGS公債市場。( M3 q* f: T$ Y
本帖最後由 felicity2010 於 2011-12-15 08:15 AM 編輯 5.39.217.76. n* ` Q5 E9 P; I* O9 b
5 O0 u. Z/ L8 f8 C9 J# U0 S9 \' I7 F7 YTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。The ECB Fear Factor Philippe Legrain 3 q2 w* D( ?+ }0 x$ otvb now,tvbnow,bttvb9 M* U9 E( w5 B+ B
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Panic is beginning to overwhelm the eurozone. Italy and Spain are caught in the maelstrom. Belgium is slipping into the danger zone. As Franceis dragged down, the widening gap between its bond yields and Germany’s is severely testing the political partnership that has driven six decades of European integration. ( _6 L, o- M% k7 [, `' n- GTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 / g x9 R. m$ z' O8 Q+ ?; HEven strong swimmers such as Finland and the Netherlands are straining against the undertow. Banks are struggling to stay afloat – their capital providing little buoyancy as funds drain away – while businesses that rely on credit are in trouble, too. All signs point to a eurozone recession. ( `& s1 J0 d) l- t8 _Left unchecked, this panic about sovereign solvency will prove self-fulfilling: just as a healthy bank can fail if it suffers a run, even the most creditworthy government is at risk if the market refuses to refinance its debt. One can scarcely bear imagining the consequences: cascading bank and sovereign defaults, a devastating depression, the collapse of the euro (and perhaps even that of the European Union), global contagion, and potentially tragic political turmoil. So why aren’t policymakers doing whatever it takes to avoid catastrophe?tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb }8 `: s% p- U q
% w4 O0 v% H J3 H' B. rtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbEver since Italian bond yields first spiked in early August, I have believed that only an open-ended commitment by the European Central Bank to keep solvent governments’ bond yields at sustainable rates could calm the panic and create the breathing space needed to implement confidence-boosting reforms. Everything that has happened since then has only confirmed this view.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。9 `4 I2 B0 R' @- o
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。' P! c h& [9 X- p( X1 r9 G
Now that the crisis has reached the “core” of the eurozone, the resources needed to backstop weaker sovereigns exceed the limited fiscal capacity of stronger ones. Financial wizardry cannot disguise that, while throwing a bigger lifeline risks dragging everyone down. Piling everyone on to the same life raft– through Eurobonds backed by joint and several guarantees – is not legally feasible for now, and would be politically toxic if attempted prematurely. Nor can a systemic crisis be resolved by individual governments’ actions – not least because the panic is outpacing politicians’ ability to respond. Only the ECB has the unlimited wherewithal to save Europe from the abyss now.5.39.217.763 _, b4 ~2 g! @
The ECB has a strong rationale to act: to ensure the smooth transmission of monetary policy, to prevent a depression that would lead to deflation, and to avoid the breakup of the euro. Yet it has so far refused to do so, hiding behind a legal fig leaf. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb/ l4 w& q3 p6 c3 w
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Granted, Article 123 of the Lisbon Treaty prohibits the ECB from purchasing bonds directly from public bodies, but intervening in the secondary market is permitted. The ECB has long been doing so through its Securities Market Program. Where in the treaty does it say that extending the SMP is prohibited? Indeed, a credible open-ended commitment to contain interest-rate spreads would actually require fewer purchases than the ECB’s current limited and temporary program does. ; d, h+ P8 u2 F1 E$ ~5.39.217.76 ( r2 p3 |+ o0 q2 |* ^2 n% x- ETVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Unfortunately, many Germans, notably at the Bundesbank, loathe the idea of central-bank intervention, because it conjures up memories of 1923, when the Reichsbank printed money to fund government borrowing, the resulting hyperinflation destroyed middle-class savings, and a decade later Hitler came to power. Yet Germans ought to remember that it was in fact the financial panic provoked by the collapse of the Austrian bank Creditanstalt, the resulting slump, and misjudgment by the German political establishment that cleared the Nazis’ path. * D; J8 l8 T1 Q% h+ m% Ztvb now,tvbnow,bttvb 0 A( Y/ U$ ^" m4 T8 H/ Ptvb now,tvbnow,bttvbFar from precluding action, history justifies it. Besides, there is no reason to panic about inflation when monetary growth is low, bank credit is contracting, and people are hoarding money rather than spending it. Moreover,any ECB purchases could continue to be sterilized. $ ~# f1 W4 V+ ^, E0 X) c % G( c1 i- E( n5.39.217.76Another objection is that ECB intervention would ease the pressure on the new governments in Italy and Spain to reform. Yet, as it is, reformers have no time to establish their credentials,and if the eurozone collapses, the door will be open to populist extremists. So why doesn’t the ECB strike a bargain with solvent governments to keep rates down as long as they stick to their reform programs?公仔箱論壇3 N( o. r" }: ?& i3 D
Eurozone leaders could also set out a roadmap towards Eurobonds, subject to strict conditionality, and tied to a credible mechanism for ensuring fiscal prudence. This would provide an additional incentive for governments that wish to qualify to introduce the necessary reforms, while reassuring the ECB and markets that governments remain committed to making the euro work. ! X0 z# j0 _2 T: D* S: q1 K* Q) a' Z & [; ]! p K8 rTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Exceptional times demand exceptional measures – and I believe that the ECB will feel obliged to act if the eurozone is pushed to the brink. But the longer the ECB delays, the greater the hit to people’s jobs and savings, the deeper the enduring damage to investors' confidence in the eurozone financial system,and the bigger the risk of a catastrophic mishap. The time to act is now.9 x" v' r$ L L# e" H) O tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb4 o3 R; B8 o3 x8 f s
0 C+ i. W4 J; V, X5.39.217.76Philippe Legrain is an independent economic adviser to the European Commission.