本帖最後由 aa00 於 2011-7-11 11:35 AM 編輯 TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。( Q1 P, \- h5 Z6 E. q
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2011年 6月 21日5.39.217.766 Y: d' g9 I6 C( [# z 中共九十載功罪,誰來評説? ( m5 j! }# v, H+ o4 O( s' L G4 Z
$ T# H4 R8 U( E5 R$ @- z% R0 I e) ntvb now,tvbnow,bttvbVOA 記者: 寧馨 | 華盛頓 公仔箱論壇- U- u# C9 }& D4 v0 l
來源: 美國之音5 L4 E5 Z' M! J9 p
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。7 s" Y" V4 b$ a, e$ V
& |1 l2 ^4 p, {6 Y 3 H# ~+ y( o7 L2 y3 X公仔箱論壇 《中國共産黨歷史》第二卷封面0 t+ `, e- A `
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TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。4 f7 a- g4 A" P) U& Q+ ?
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隨著中共建黨九十週年的到來,中國政府出版了一系列闡述中共歷史的書籍,其中最引人注目的是今年春天出版的“中國共産黨歷史”第二卷。這卷黨史記述了1949到1978年中國共産黨走過的歷程。 : @1 e& P* `% |7 W1 M( _6 {公仔箱論壇 / U! E* F" Z6 X: T6 T7 U2 Z7 Ztvb now,tvbnow,bttvb*中共爭奪評説功罪話語權?* ( |$ G! I& ]( F0 J/ ZTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。. @5 C% Z4 S. j' A, \4 M* c
華盛頓郵報在最近一篇報道中指出,中共在建黨九十週年之前推出該書,是為了爭奪評説中共建黨九十年功罪的話語權, 為中共歷史定性。報道認為,這卷黨史要傳遞這樣一個資訊:中國今天的經濟繁榮和上升的國際地位,都是幾十年未經中斷的一黨統治的成果。在這樣的定位之下,中共官方黨史能在多大程度上坦率探討中共不光彩的歷史,就值得懷疑了。公仔箱論壇, x N! T3 |2 n' b& n1 N5 T& r
( F9 b2 F. C6 H( g3 BTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。*1949-1978:中共難以面對的歷史* 3 y3 k2 ]" [& P* J% t7 w5 f7 b) [1 G
中共黨史第二卷的的編輯撰寫,歷經十六年,遠遠超過原定的四年時間,主要原因是其內容的敏感性。該書覆蓋的時段中,中共多次發動引起爭議的政治、經濟和文化運動,造成幾千萬人死亡,國家多次陷於動蕩和崩潰的邊緣。如何為這段歷史定位,涉及各方利益和考量, 成為中共一個巨大的難題。 據華盛頓郵報報道,該書經過了六十四個黨政部門的審核,包括胡錦濤、習近平和曾慶紅等領導人都就內容提出了要求。當年擔任主編的三位黨史專家,有兩位在編撰過程中去世,到出版時只剩下一位。在本書出版之際,人民網的報道就指出,該書“在撰寫中得到中央領導同志的親切關懷和精心指導,若干重要問題的表述均經中央批准。”0 a' L2 J3 a+ Q- U' X. D
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華盛頓郵報指出,在今天的中國掌握經濟和政治大權的政治高層,很多人是“紅二代”。他們即使其父輩曾經是當年中共殘酷鬥爭中的受害者,也希望呈現一個污點較少的中共歷史,以維護共産黨的統治合法性以及自身的既得利益。 2 T, M# c$ C" d- I2 }$ }' ]* E. K! f0 o. u/ Q" g
過去多年來,中共對1949到1978年這段歷史一直諱莫如深,有關中共建政以來歷次運動和權力鬥爭的研究都難以在中國大陸出版發行。著名作家巴金生前一直呼籲建立文革博物館,但是中國官方卻以“文革已有結論”為託辭拒絕公開討論文革。在抹殺集體記憶的同時,中國又推動“唱紅歌”這樣的運動,將那段歷史美化和浪漫化。在這樣的努力下,中國今天的年輕人對於中共建政後的歷史缺乏基本的了解。巴金曾經説過,他每聽到“東方紅”這首歌時都會全身發抖,因為在文革期間,紅衛兵小將把他們這些牛鬼蛇神押上臺批鬥時都會放這首歌。如果巴金活到今天,不知他對唱紅作何感想?5 |6 j$ M# L/ j. u' z0 n
& r' f) T9 G. t" \5.39.217.76*遺忘罪惡的民族沒有前途* ' K& _) j, q- i2 hTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。公仔箱論壇+ _ L0 o% b0 Z3 I1 C Y
中國諾貝爾和平獎獲得者劉曉波曾經表示:“遺忘罪惡的民族沒有前途。”。雖然中共多年來試圖壟斷對於建政以來歷史的解説,但是中西方有許多歷史學者對這段歷史進行了獨立的研究和討論,試圖理清這段歷史的脈絡。 $ M y, b7 X: r1 `4 o% P$ G* C6 M& |5.39.217.76* h) g6 X+ i# j+ `7 x- b$ ]
那麼,中國官方推出的“中國共産黨歷史”第二卷對於中共歷史的記述,和中外獨立歷史學者的研究有哪些分歧呢?在今後幾天時間裏,美國之音中文網站將就幾個中共歷史上的熱點問題和政治懸案,比較中國官方和獨立史家的不同看法。在這些報道中,中國官方的提法以中國共産黨歷史第二卷的內容為準;中外獨立歷史學者的研究則以美國之音記者李肅的“共産黨在中國:回首文革”和“共産黨在中國:1949之後”兩個大型專題的內容為基礎。作者: aa00 時間: 2011-6-23 07:39 AM
本帖最後由 aa00 於 2011-6-23 07:43 AM 編輯 5.39.217.76, H. \& K4 U- z1 [7 Q' ?
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2011年 6月 21日公仔箱論壇/ n E, K/ R: p! T C9 Q! a3 } [ 三位年輕女性眼中的中國共産黨 TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。( w7 }+ V% ?$ o
& [4 b% [! c: S6 Q: Y公仔箱論壇VOA 記者: 張楠 | 北京tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb& x( T1 T3 {$ p0 K4 [
來源: 美國之音% @5 f5 o8 i/ _3 A
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' ]0 p) V; n& F8 g9 m( [+ C公仔箱論壇1950年10月8日,中國正式宣佈派遣軍隊進入朝鮮半島,開始了所謂的“抗美援朝”戰爭。毛澤東認為,大力開展“鎮反運動”機會到了。他對公安部長羅瑞卿説:“你們不要浪費了這個時機,鎮壓反革命恐怕只有這一次,以後就不會有了。千載難逢,你們要好好運用這個資本。”10月10日,在毛澤東主持下,中共中央發出《關於糾正鎮壓反革命活動的右傾偏向的指示》,批評鎮反運動中出現了右傾,要求加大鎮反力度,防止出現漏網之魚。 ; B2 `: |. p+ f% J" j $ Q2 _ @6 B' n4 x8 \tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb中共領導人劉少奇後來也承認:“抗美援朝很有好處,使我們的很多事情都好辦(如搞土改、訂愛國公約、搞生産競賽、鎮反等)。因為抗美援朝的鑼鼓響起來,響得很厲害,土改的鑼鼓、鎮反的鑼鼓就不大聽見了,就好搞了。如果沒有抗美援朝的鑼鼓響得那麼厲害,那麼土改(和鎮反)的鑼鼓就不得了了。這裡打死一個地主,那裏也打了一個,到處鬧......很多事情不好辦。”TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。( ]1 p5 {4 `1 w I$ l7 k' ]
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*毛澤東欽定殺人指標和殺人比例*; E$ t# }: M5 c) |" Y& m0 H
( Q3 E6 `, |0 Q. ~7 B5 v到了1951年1月,中國志願軍在朝鮮戰場上進展順利,毛澤東的底氣更足了。他指示各地要“大殺幾批”,並且特別對大城市的殺人行動發出具體的指示説:“各大城市除東北外,鎮壓反革命的工作,一般地來説,還未認真地嚴厲地大規模地實行。從現在起應當開始這樣做,不能再遲了。這些城市主要是北京、天津、青島、上海、南京、廣州、漢口、重慶及各省省城,這是反革命組織的巢穴,必須有計劃地佈置偵察和逮捕。在幾個月內,大殺幾批罪大有據的反革命分子。”tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb3 J6 C; H' W0 C2 F1 y9 Y3 v. i
1 i" ~0 U& I2 W' B6 ntvb now,tvbnow,bttvb毛澤東還給一些地方下達具體的殺人指標。1951年1月21日,毛澤東在給上海市委的電報中説:“在上海這樣的大城市,在今年一年內,恐怕需要處決一、二千人,才能解決問題。...南京方面,請華東局指導該市市委好好佈置偵捕審訊,爭取在春季處決一、二百個最重要的反動分子。”TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。- U- g! T0 y4 q7 ]# [
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第二天,1月22日,毛澤東對中共華南分局廣東省的負責人説:“你們已殺了三千七百多,這很好。再殺三四千人。......今年可以殺八九千人為目標。”tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb! n/ w$ L* ^% D3 w. `+ n# r7 ]
6 [9 i. j) T3 o7 r9 n- cTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。這一年的2月,在毛澤東建議下,中共中央開會討論殺人比例問題,“決定按人口千分之一的比例,先殺此數的一半,看情形再作決定”。當時的中國人口是5億5000萬,千分之一的一半就是27萬5000人。公仔箱論壇6 t$ S; D }- Z; V5 C% w! G4 E
, M4 I- N1 U' stvb now,tvbnow,bttvbBy MINXIN PEIPublished: June 30, 2011 * V) v! S4 p' j; ]( @4 t. @+ g 3 u |/ I7 [: T; [8 \TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。: `& w z& C+ h# \
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There is little question that the Chinese Communist Party has come a long way since it was founded 90 years ago by 12 delegates representing roughly 50 members. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb" S" V# m* o* _* q' t) Z" C9 J j
8 e7 x7 ~ [0 p& q8 V7 j! w% x. ?+ Qtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb 5 c7 D T+ s! z6 u3 V5 tYet however insignificant it may have seemed back then, there was no question about its ideology, identity and mission. Inspired by utopian Marxism, the party represented China’s idealist leftists, nationalists and the downtrodden. Its mission was to end social injustice and Western colonialism. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb! j2 ~2 U6 {/ _
7 K" L9 e" i N: l- F2 q5 I 3 `( f9 i; Y. D' W2 { d: Dtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbToday the party is a political behemoth, with 80 million members and control of the world’s second-largest economy. At home its grip on power faces no organized challenge; abroad its leaders are accorded a respect Mao and Zhou Enlai could not have dreamed of. 6 _9 V" k% z" E+ s% Y" D! h
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TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。% c( u6 t8 x9 s7 H
Indeed, we should give the party its due for having abandoned the Maoist madness of its first three decades in power — the mass terror, famine, brutal political campaigns and vicious power struggles — and for radically improving the material lives of China’s 1.3 billion people. 公仔箱論壇% _, T3 Y& E+ q$ r z6 s3 Y& C
% h9 E" {/ b8 Q, r- ? C8 y! ` ( B6 R7 W8 z7 e( b2 ?; ?TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Yet if asked, “What does the Communist Party stand for,” few Chinese leaders today could give a coherent or honest answer. , y: Z* J1 E) }/ A. Ftvb now,tvbnow,bttvb2 s( M- d( `6 b; X. B. L. J7 P4 \/ R
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This much we know: It no longer stands for a utopian ideology. If there is one ideology that the party represents, it is the ideology of power. The sole justification for the party’s rule is the imperative to stay in power. 7 |: r" h3 L4 e8 {1 p公仔箱論壇; H: [4 d4 J. f+ Z7 m0 x0 O( ?9 ^
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Nor does the party stand for China’s masses. Despite efforts to broaden its social base and make it more connected with China’s dynamic and diverse society, the party today has evolved into a self-serving, bureaucratized political patronage machine. It is undeniably an elitist party, with more than 70 percent of its members recruited from government officials, the military, college graduates, businessmen and professionals. 公仔箱論壇" H. s: h: x2 R, b2 S! _7 `2 ]
8 R6 I+ ~% g7 i1 Z* r $ o* Z k; d8 }4 l! `. LSo for all its apparent power, the party is in fact facing an existential crisis and an uncertain future. Apart from staying in power, it has no public purpose. The crisis is not only ideological, but also political; it explains much of the cynicism, corruption and insecurity of the party and its elites. 公仔箱論壇( f% l. G W* E u
! Q8 N1 ~1 M5 o4 n v 1 F. u e7 y+ [/ X4 I+ lAs the party has firmly rejected democratization, its only strategy for survival is to maintain the course it has embarked on since the Tiananmen crackdown in June 1989: drawing political legitimacy from economic growth but relying on repression to crush challenges to its monopoly of power. Although this strategy has worked well since Tiananmen, its effectiveness and sustainability are increasingly in doubt. 9 h5 d5 d4 O- `5 ~! q, S
" w0 b1 R/ [0 J6 ]" B3 p1 kTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 ! o$ I- m; c, R1 U: c6 x# Q7 w公仔箱論壇On the economic front, growth is about to slow down. Demographic aging, resource constraints, stalled economic reforms and environmental degradation are almost certain to depress China’s growth potential. An optimistic World Bank forecast predicts a growth rate from 2016-2020 of about 7 percent annually — a respectable number, but a 30 percent drop from today’s rate. 8 S. c+ u# y& w5.39.217.76公仔箱論壇& s/ A: L# Z- g4 c
5 ^6 U$ a" B+ OTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。China’s economic revolution is also unleashing powerful social forces that will make maintaining a one-party state more tenuous. The party’s governing philosophy and organizational structure make it difficult to incorporate China’s growing middle-class politically. The convergence of an economic slowdown and rising political activism will challenge the party’s rule from several directions. 公仔箱論壇( E9 ^( U3 l, A5 e) m. A. ?
, G# s& }5 a9 }0 Z 2 u p3 I E; E3 l$ {公仔箱論壇Now that the Chinese Communist Party has been in power for 62 years, its leaders might also want to note that the record for one-party rule is 74 years, held by the Soviet party, followed by the 71-year rein of Mexico’s Institutional Revolutionary Party. % c+ S# ? K1 F1 {1 S- J6 J ' N0 i& [! B7 v5 J O) A- |( _# mTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。9 q1 k: Z* R/ m1 k
So when Chinese leaders toast their party’s 90th birthday, they should harbor no illusions that the party can beat history’s odds forever. $ t! C6 Z9 Q* F( t* T& I) ] Xtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb7 f5 e# M8 t( b p1 ?
公仔箱論壇$ A) I: |1 k0 Q5 \: d; Q# a; w. d Minxin Pei is a professor of government at Claremont McKenna College in California. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb# x- ? U; b3 g5 K$ P8 i
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: u$ i: D8 \. F5.39.217.76 4 s. |( }: w( T. J3 S% E; Q" [TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。來源 / 版權所有: 《紐約時報》 ! N' d/ F& {% V5 H k公仔箱論壇(以上内容摘自或摘译自 《紐約時報》,不代表發帖者观点)作者: aa00 時間: 2011-7-1 11:56 AM
I.H.T. Op-Ed Contributor + P; ~# Q; u) _; A7 e5.39.217.76TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 C2 E$ K' A v: J) @
5.39.217.762 r U1 U0 Q/ P5 h& o China's Communist Party at 90 公仔箱論壇3 e- }7 T; J$ [8 x; F
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By DAVID SHAMBAUGHPublished: June 30, 2011 5.39.217.768 U1 [6 I$ n* V" T4 k9 [0 x
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; s6 Y3 i* S/ n7 J5.39.217.76BEIJING — Nationwide ceremonies and a deluge of media coverage have been mobilized by China’s ruling Communist Party to mark its 90th anniversary today. But all the hoopla cannot conceal the party’s insecure state. , r: G" J9 g+ O/ W5 h/ i3 B6 Utvb now,tvbnow,bttvb 3 r' ~) f7 c1 E$ Z% v3 s8 ] L公仔箱論壇 9 b- _7 @4 D @% _' f( Wtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb7 y( H0 ~6 \& G
" d% z$ z) {/ |1 Z, H& ~公仔箱論壇Central China Television (CCTV) has been airing long narrative documentaries about the party’s history; bookstores are full of red-covered histories; museums have mounted special exhibitions — including the new National Museum’s “Road to Rejuvenation.” And the buildup will be capped by a nationwide address by the party’s general secretary, President Hu Jintao. ) p0 R" d$ |5 x9 l) x" u
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The main theme in all these celebrations has been that the party has provided China prosperity and dignity following a “century of shame and humiliation.” The narrative of past aggression and aggrievement is pervasive, as is the affirmation that the party has rebuilt Chinese society and restored China’s rightful place in the world. 7 G* v2 Q' J' }3 d5 P" h7 _2 I: WTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 ' v& K* G) [, ^! ?! i. D1 OTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。5.39.217.76; F+ Y( t( z4 V* n3 q* D
Accompanying the festivities is an unprecedented official look into the party’s past. After 16 years of preparation, the Central Party History Research Office has produced a 1,000-plus-page compendium of the party’s history from 1949 to 1978 (post-1978 apparently remains too politically sensitive because many of the officials involved are still in power). t3 L. p) K7 l2 |* r" @! N" t公仔箱論壇 & p/ B8 M! ?; y+ b! x) g " D& z1 X6 i) Y' ?% F4 |1 L0 U公仔箱論壇While the tome provides many new details of sensitive events during the Mao era, it is still highly selective and largely in step with the master narrative laid down in the 1982 publication: “Certain Questions in Our Party’s History.” + D2 Y j4 |9 T1 f4 V! Y 0 J m: S% t& t j5.39.217.76 ! d6 @* G" z: p/ W% t3 j7 D3 |TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Nowhere mentioned is the violence of political campaigns during the 1950s that cost the lives of tens of millions (some of the campaigns are discussed, but not the persecutions and killings). The 1956 Hundred Flowers Movement, in which intellectuals launched broadside critiques of party rule (many which remain apt today), is totally absent. Only the subsequent “Anti-Rightist” purge is covered (in a sanitized fashion) — but not Deng Xiaoping’s role in directing it. # O# y7 i: ~" Q0 G+ e公仔箱論壇 * X1 {( e B# Q' I% x ; e' I, A) d+ f/ @8 f5.39.217.76The Great Leap Forward, which produced the “three bitter years” (1960-62) and claimed the lives of up to 45 million, according to new archival research by the historian Frank Dikotter, and the Cultural Revolution (1966-76) receive substantial treatment. But both catastrophes are essentially attributed to the usurping of party rule by “leftist opportunists” like Lin Biao, Jiang Qing and the Gang of Four. / l8 O- J6 H/ f, K9 R* {% ~tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb @9 t6 c2 A9 e3 V
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Mao himself does come in for criticism, but overall the blame is shifted to others. Mao’s successor Hua Guofeng does benefit from a posthumous “rehabilitation,” but no such luck for the disgraced Zhao Ziyang. 7 U/ O U* g& C3 c& ^' bTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 $ U# |' C# D9 H. o% h5.39.217.768 ~( F: D) a7 i1 L
The official treatment of these events is clear: maintain a strong institutional apparatus and remain vigilant against inner-party usurpers and foreign saboteurs. Thus, even in the midst of an anniversary celebration, the party’s continuing inability to honestly and fully confront its past speaks volumes about its present and future. It is symptomatic of existing insecurities. 公仔箱論壇5 O+ E$ q* K: b; g
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Since the autumn of 2009, following the Fourth Plenary Session of the 17th Central Committee, China and the world have witnessed a more repressive and insecure Communist Party, including a slowing of some political reforms undertaken from 1997-2009. 3 o0 A& J3 J" F ( b. M9 w% ^8 ]# w' s' d6 b 6 w, K3 Y! Y7 D; KDespite the political stagnation, three sets of reforms have continued: expanding multi-candidate elections to local level party committees; increased transparency in local budgeting and resource allocation; and efforts to improve meritocracy at all levels of the party and government. But efforts to make central policy making more transparent, to prosecute pervasive corruption, to improve “intra-party democracy” and “extra-party supervision,” and to open up the media have all stagnated. $ j" h/ p. @5 ^# d+ U5.39.217.76 ) B( Y9 z1 C9 c# c5.39.217.765.39.217.769 e$ c( v: u: R Z: P- l
These reforms all grew out of the party’s study of the collapse of the Soviet Union and other one-party regimes. The main lesson the Chinese Communist Party drew from these foreign examples was to be proactive, flexible and adaptive, and to manage political change from above. Stasis and dogmatism were seen as recipes for stagnation and collapse. TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。1 W) t) U& ]9 q
7 e% {3 e* U' l X P) b- ?; H1 ~1 R0 Ctvb now,tvbnow,bttvbWhat we are witnessing as the party turns 90, however, is the opposite. Instead of being secure and confident, it is seemingly frozen in fear of the future, unsure about its grip over ethnic regions (Tibet, Xinjiang, and Inner Mongolia), afraid of rising social unrest and ad hoc demonstrations, worried about the macro-economy and foreign relations, and on the cusp of a major leadership transition in 2012. TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。/ h0 k4 c9 A2 I# `" E) y6 f+ J) X+ N
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Moreover, a coalition of internal security forces, giant state-owned corporations, the propaganda apparatus, and the military have joined with hard-line elements in the party to pull back from reforms. / H0 b8 }0 b+ O4 PTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。7 L. x2 A/ u X( b+ H( n! l3 H
+ |& o) c% X0 A9 e* l3 L. a2 i: f6 SYet there is a reformist wing in the party, led by Prime Minister Wen Jiabao, which advocates more open politics. But it does not have the resources or allies to re-ignite political reforms. The intra-party cleavage runs high and deep and party members here indicate viewpoints and factions are becoming increasingly polarized. The pending leadership transition only adds to the risk aversion and crackdown. 3 n+ Z' ?' `( VTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 8 b/ C3 ~$ A+ d& z* E0 R# {0 N' r; g# a8 X' K
China’s Communist Party at 90 is a bit like many 90-year-olds: increasingly infirm, fearful, experimenting with ways to prolong life, but overwhelmed by the complexities of managing it. $ V2 M$ M- g5 F6 QTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 4 E0 Y% J3 m) W: j& [" btvb now,tvbnow,bttvb . W) w! y+ U8 @* r* i3 T: c/ f公仔箱論壇David Shambaugh is professor and director of the China Policy Program at George Washington University and the author of “China’s Communist Party: Atrophy & Adaptation.” TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。7 }% ]# F, Y7 t+ K, H& {
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記者: 李肅 寧馨 | 華盛頓 公仔箱論壇7 P' l5 D3 s, n0 v
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林彪1969年為國慶二十週年發表講話(資料照片)TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。! r. P# }2 c) u- z1 b
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林彪的飛機墜毀的原因至今是一個謎。有人説是前蘇聯駐蒙古部隊用導彈打下來的;有人説是飛機燃料耗盡迫降墜毀的;還有人猜測機上發生過爭鬥;沒有人能説清楚。但是專家認為,當時飛機墜毀後的黑匣子在前蘇聯。如果中共真的有意揭露飛機墜毀真相,那麼完全可以把黑匣子要回,了解當時飛機上的情況。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb- m" Q. C, p* L( \2 q) g* c, | b- Z
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“九一三事件”是中共所稱的林彪試圖發動武裝政變刺殺毛澤東,最後因陰謀敗露而在叛逃途中墜機死亡的的事件。發生在1971年的這一事件標誌著中國第一號人物毛澤東和他指定的接班人林彪以暴烈的方式最後決裂。許多經歷過文革的人表示,一直被標榜為毛主席“副統帥”和“最親密戰友”的林彪出事,打破了毛澤東神話,使他們開始反思文革的意義何在。4 b$ |- f; b4 q