$ B+ p. H$ e8 ?$ ?9 C. l) b, d1 u& B5.39.217.76在毛澤東個人崇拜達到顛峰的1970年前後,中國人講的是“三忠於,四無限”,就是永遠忠於偉大領袖毛主席,永遠忠於偉大的毛澤東思想,永遠忠於毛主席的無産階級革命路線;無限熱愛毛主席,無限信仰毛主席,無限崇拜毛主席,無限忠於毛主席。毛澤東的話被稱為“最高指示”。如果毛澤東晚上講了什麼話,人們就會連夜上街慶祝毛主席發表最新指示,這叫“貫徹最高最新指示不過夜”。5.39.217.76! n5 K3 a8 N& V4 N; `" x" o. o
3 X( S- }$ i {6 @, E y' M8 i1968月8月5日,非洲客人送給毛澤東一些芒果。毛澤東轉送給首都工人毛澤東思想宣傳隊。於是,北京舉行了“熱烈慶祝毛主席贈給首都工人毛澤東思想宣傳隊珍貴禮物大會”,再把芒果分給全國各地的工宣隊,芒果不夠就做芒果模型分發下去,讓全國的工人都感受到毛澤東的關懷。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。2 U, c; n+ F/ e" k: ^: Y
7 B! R* c( V0 b4 R, J公仔箱論壇當時,和毛澤東握過手的人回到各地以後都會在大會上介紹自己幸福的經歷,並且讓其他人握一握他一直沒有洗過的手,也感受一下偉大領袖的溫暖。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。' V2 Z) d O, m5 A6 j+ F
/ V# e- ~' t8 r7 k當時,大街上幾乎每個人都佩戴著毛主席像章,只有地富反壞右和走資派沒有這個資格。收集毛主席像章成為時尚。 $ m5 H- F+ F& O2 S) J5 B: o f公仔箱論壇2 o! F5 Z6 u; Z
當時,人們對話之前先要引用毛主席語錄,每天要對毛主席像“早請示,晚彙報”。街頭、單位,隨處可見人們在跳“忠字舞”。- x5 ^* s; I1 s) t; d
tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb0 |! g7 j. E _7 R( O. A& d2 N- @
至此,“東方紅,太陽升,中國出了個毛澤東”的歌聲響徹神州大地,毛的造神運動到達了登峰造極的地步。其程度超過了歷代封建王朝的個人崇拜,成為歷史和世界的笑柄。 ' r& V, F& F. y m8 l- w; ^' ]3 m1 u3 ?1 J# z" n/ [
公仔箱論壇( j+ ]8 Z" Q5 `
來源 / 版權所有: 美國之音# _7 \6 H% ]/ [- \# H( e* z
(以上内容摘自或摘译自 美國之音,不代表發帖者观点) 9 I% K$ z4 {( }% w( Y5.39.217.76 " h; K' D* D/ X5.39.217.76 TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。* _) k, O( J W' M3 R
公仔箱論壇1 ~/ \1 p& T: x2 K" K, j3 J! k 作者: aa00 時間: 2011-6-28 07:59 AM
! ~1 Y6 S7 S8 b: l T6 b1 f7 B5.39.217.765.39.217.76' e, T7 p# n& G9 g( z& k
By MINXIN PEIPublished: June 30, 2011 公仔箱論壇2 a7 ^- F3 q: v
) E$ V1 F2 r# E) _6 [TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。' ^9 H) T7 ?( Y1 R% p
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。6 U2 S- U$ H9 B+ T! H+ `
- i& W% w& R3 ~9 |/ v$ Z1 b& s
tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb; {, R8 H& r2 ]% U
There is little question that the Chinese Communist Party has come a long way since it was founded 90 years ago by 12 delegates representing roughly 50 members. 3 w% A* L7 u1 \, j% f+ j , g8 H: @" L9 O; y! y0 btvb now,tvbnow,bttvb5.39.217.76+ P3 g6 L4 C4 b5 W/ k0 ?
Yet however insignificant it may have seemed back then, there was no question about its ideology, identity and mission. Inspired by utopian Marxism, the party represented China’s idealist leftists, nationalists and the downtrodden. Its mission was to end social injustice and Western colonialism. 公仔箱論壇3 Z7 ?# k/ s. t& o' N
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。/ @" ^1 C% X: k9 X" G& \) F
' ~. }( C% m( l" g% A4 K# f
Today the party is a political behemoth, with 80 million members and control of the world’s second-largest economy. At home its grip on power faces no organized challenge; abroad its leaders are accorded a respect Mao and Zhou Enlai could not have dreamed of. ' w% H0 F) e$ T) dtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 X" q! I8 e$ L. E6 v; }4 z
公仔箱論壇1 I4 V0 y6 G, v
Indeed, we should give the party its due for having abandoned the Maoist madness of its first three decades in power — the mass terror, famine, brutal political campaigns and vicious power struggles — and for radically improving the material lives of China’s 1.3 billion people. 公仔箱論壇+ P; c. ?' n0 }+ a1 f
/ S& j# H: S: Z9 A) T; F. D5.39.217.765.39.217.769 P% G/ W* j$ a4 C7 p3 h/ R
Yet if asked, “What does the Communist Party stand for,” few Chinese leaders today could give a coherent or honest answer. + n [! d1 h8 D/ Z1 D2 }
5 ~6 f' c( q8 b* q- {6 b
9 W! K' w% M P! g4 p) v
This much we know: It no longer stands for a utopian ideology. If there is one ideology that the party represents, it is the ideology of power. The sole justification for the party’s rule is the imperative to stay in power. 5.39.217.76( t9 I% _7 b1 N
7 n d( o% \+ l7 I
5.39.217.76% ], |" ^7 Y/ G* I( p
Nor does the party stand for China’s masses. Despite efforts to broaden its social base and make it more connected with China’s dynamic and diverse society, the party today has evolved into a self-serving, bureaucratized political patronage machine. It is undeniably an elitist party, with more than 70 percent of its members recruited from government officials, the military, college graduates, businessmen and professionals. , h* Q: d$ |- n ( [( T, U( G) D1 H6 F公仔箱論壇 " A+ S8 H- y7 d. t1 L: p: D) d' `( [tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbSo for all its apparent power, the party is in fact facing an existential crisis and an uncertain future. Apart from staying in power, it has no public purpose. The crisis is not only ideological, but also political; it explains much of the cynicism, corruption and insecurity of the party and its elites. 6 Y; k, [6 m4 s. J/ s& d
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。: ~& m$ I2 g5 H: r
tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb5 B Q& Q/ m0 b& f
As the party has firmly rejected democratization, its only strategy for survival is to maintain the course it has embarked on since the Tiananmen crackdown in June 1989: drawing political legitimacy from economic growth but relying on repression to crush challenges to its monopoly of power. Although this strategy has worked well since Tiananmen, its effectiveness and sustainability are increasingly in doubt. 2 m6 C+ g' h6 A- N) Z! c- T
9 |* h0 h- j: l# W$ P5.39.217.76 5 E- e; ~' g; f4 O4 H3 `TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。On the economic front, growth is about to slow down. Demographic aging, resource constraints, stalled economic reforms and environmental degradation are almost certain to depress China’s growth potential. An optimistic World Bank forecast predicts a growth rate from 2016-2020 of about 7 percent annually — a respectable number, but a 30 percent drop from today’s rate. * p7 M E- S+ D * d, V, y7 o. u7 m- U7 B ( @2 R- I% z2 ATVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。China’s economic revolution is also unleashing powerful social forces that will make maintaining a one-party state more tenuous. The party’s governing philosophy and organizational structure make it difficult to incorporate China’s growing middle-class politically. The convergence of an economic slowdown and rising political activism will challenge the party’s rule from several directions. + k! R: G/ D; J1 k7 e& N. @: L8 g7 l公仔箱論壇9 f$ R1 [, y: q, k
' j0 v( W Y# g# S( l& N3 O5 btvb now,tvbnow,bttvbNow that the Chinese Communist Party has been in power for 62 years, its leaders might also want to note that the record for one-party rule is 74 years, held by the Soviet party, followed by the 71-year rein of Mexico’s Institutional Revolutionary Party. ) [; j8 O! K" n! K5 P' YTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。5.39.217.76+ I3 w+ h4 a$ `# `* G& v$ K
i2 E" N5 |: G
So when Chinese leaders toast their party’s 90th birthday, they should harbor no illusions that the party can beat history’s odds forever. ( m; z; ^2 r2 O# i: n) w$ N1 N+ e ^+ [$ i
" @; T8 N @5 @) a8 l- H9 B3 ~5.39.217.76Minxin Pei is a professor of government at Claremont McKenna College in California. 公仔箱論壇, g# h" h4 \2 t5 G9 n, s
I.H.T. Op-Ed Contributortvb now,tvbnow,bttvb, ^: [& i3 a6 _! o
5.39.217.76/ Y. R9 K! p5 j: l4 ?
1 p4 R& I- M& }公仔箱論壇China's Communist Party at 90 ; ~2 [9 `' B* V7 I# j2 k
% u, A3 D! J2 z; m, b
( d% A/ U! } \ z
By DAVID SHAMBAUGHPublished: June 30, 2011 ( x5 R8 b$ [1 CTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。, ?7 g* V t9 _$ g
, s4 | p4 t8 X5 V9 e
BEIJING — Nationwide ceremonies and a deluge of media coverage have been mobilized by China’s ruling Communist Party to mark its 90th anniversary today. But all the hoopla cannot conceal the party’s insecure state. 4 j; J! j6 F% A! M/ }TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb4 V; |7 E* _& q/ o! R) C& G
+ J6 {0 |7 m9 N5.39.217.76 8 _* z+ o. F+ U6 I; x: V2 w公仔箱論壇 6 Z, ?% a1 q6 B" Mtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbCentral China Television (CCTV) has been airing long narrative documentaries about the party’s history; bookstores are full of red-covered histories; museums have mounted special exhibitions — including the new National Museum’s “Road to Rejuvenation.” And the buildup will be capped by a nationwide address by the party’s general secretary, President Hu Jintao. , x% J0 Z; W6 G! X8 F % b8 e1 w$ I- [& W. ?8 H, g( w2 F5.39.217.76 9 o/ W9 @! i1 }6 I# R) ?The main theme in all these celebrations has been that the party has provided China prosperity and dignity following a “century of shame and humiliation.” The narrative of past aggression and aggrievement is pervasive, as is the affirmation that the party has rebuilt Chinese society and restored China’s rightful place in the world. 5 P% K% ~4 [9 f5 R; MTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。- S# V% o Y+ }9 s
tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb; s7 s2 N6 l( i: X$ U
Accompanying the festivities is an unprecedented official look into the party’s past. After 16 years of preparation, the Central Party History Research Office has produced a 1,000-plus-page compendium of the party’s history from 1949 to 1978 (post-1978 apparently remains too politically sensitive because many of the officials involved are still in power). 1 O5 Y# J& m8 _3 ]0 F& N9 htvb now,tvbnow,bttvb' b0 l- _% F- d( K) i+ A" t) a7 }
5.39.217.761 }& Y5 b0 J: l7 @) h$ O
While the tome provides many new details of sensitive events during the Mao era, it is still highly selective and largely in step with the master narrative laid down in the 1982 publication: “Certain Questions in Our Party’s History.” TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。7 V1 Y _3 k' T/ F
4 Q+ f9 A. o i; H# h/ ?- Q
tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb, D3 Z7 m0 y! X
Nowhere mentioned is the violence of political campaigns during the 1950s that cost the lives of tens of millions (some of the campaigns are discussed, but not the persecutions and killings). The 1956 Hundred Flowers Movement, in which intellectuals launched broadside critiques of party rule (many which remain apt today), is totally absent. Only the subsequent “Anti-Rightist” purge is covered (in a sanitized fashion) — but not Deng Xiaoping’s role in directing it. 3 {; L0 A3 n5 O+ d% N3 _+ ~( M5.39.217.76; `5 e5 o( `* F r2 ^& Q" {
! p& i# C1 [3 K4 Y8 S% x0 h* p5.39.217.76The Great Leap Forward, which produced the “three bitter years” (1960-62) and claimed the lives of up to 45 million, according to new archival research by the historian Frank Dikotter, and the Cultural Revolution (1966-76) receive substantial treatment. But both catastrophes are essentially attributed to the usurping of party rule by “leftist opportunists” like Lin Biao, Jiang Qing and the Gang of Four. , r/ \" q, @- e1 [' L+ h公仔箱論壇5 h' G8 L; z* [9 q; s! M
( V( e3 R$ I# b# A% [tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbMao himself does come in for criticism, but overall the blame is shifted to others. Mao’s successor Hua Guofeng does benefit from a posthumous “rehabilitation,” but no such luck for the disgraced Zhao Ziyang. * E+ G; w. z: W9 u- z; H8 M1 R2 g$ ptvb now,tvbnow,bttvbTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。: }8 G: W* t! A1 K9 z* s
" t/ I9 a7 [" g) G$ d9 [# g6 N
The official treatment of these events is clear: maintain a strong institutional apparatus and remain vigilant against inner-party usurpers and foreign saboteurs. Thus, even in the midst of an anniversary celebration, the party’s continuing inability to honestly and fully confront its past speaks volumes about its present and future. It is symptomatic of existing insecurities. ' J" u, l$ m/ s; x2 H: B1 @% c0 r+ ]4 {# t
0 \: N/ G! H9 w9 ]5.39.217.76Since the autumn of 2009, following the Fourth Plenary Session of the 17th Central Committee, China and the world have witnessed a more repressive and insecure Communist Party, including a slowing of some political reforms undertaken from 1997-2009. 5.39.217.764 w! [. C5 w" o5 w2 P# I- W# U
& Z- m- H4 m M" U5.39.217.76& U: \. j3 |7 Y( d. h% E. g. }
Despite the political stagnation, three sets of reforms have continued: expanding multi-candidate elections to local level party committees; increased transparency in local budgeting and resource allocation; and efforts to improve meritocracy at all levels of the party and government. But efforts to make central policy making more transparent, to prosecute pervasive corruption, to improve “intra-party democracy” and “extra-party supervision,” and to open up the media have all stagnated. : Z9 [ O- e, y0 i2 u 9 a+ i9 i2 j! g3 o# S6 \tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb x5 {' E0 Q( \/ W0 Q9 ~
These reforms all grew out of the party’s study of the collapse of the Soviet Union and other one-party regimes. The main lesson the Chinese Communist Party drew from these foreign examples was to be proactive, flexible and adaptive, and to manage political change from above. Stasis and dogmatism were seen as recipes for stagnation and collapse. ! B' a" q' S+ j1 T j4 l, J, C o/ f( z# J& e& atvb now,tvbnow,bttvb ' s* Q$ A! P9 i5.39.217.76What we are witnessing as the party turns 90, however, is the opposite. Instead of being secure and confident, it is seemingly frozen in fear of the future, unsure about its grip over ethnic regions (Tibet, Xinjiang, and Inner Mongolia), afraid of rising social unrest and ad hoc demonstrations, worried about the macro-economy and foreign relations, and on the cusp of a major leadership transition in 2012. 5.39.217.76" k5 ^2 m4 {+ L( Y. K
5 w4 [) w1 s. m ZTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 , h- ^3 o7 |0 o4 H* _: TTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Moreover, a coalition of internal security forces, giant state-owned corporations, the propaganda apparatus, and the military have joined with hard-line elements in the party to pull back from reforms. TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。3 ], L- q P: H3 o
' f' E5 b# N4 @$ n) D
0 R& s" r3 U. v' e; L7 r公仔箱論壇Yet there is a reformist wing in the party, led by Prime Minister Wen Jiabao, which advocates more open politics. But it does not have the resources or allies to re-ignite political reforms. The intra-party cleavage runs high and deep and party members here indicate viewpoints and factions are becoming increasingly polarized. The pending leadership transition only adds to the risk aversion and crackdown. b5 x2 \! |8 ^$ J* n0 Dtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb5.39.217.768 F5 C I1 r1 {
/ R# s4 ~' P4 i0 A; x6 c5 vChina’s Communist Party at 90 is a bit like many 90-year-olds: increasingly infirm, fearful, experimenting with ways to prolong life, but overwhelmed by the complexities of managing it. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb( ^$ H4 Z* y& Y7 l
( I7 D; F" F4 c2 s5 U5 I% i; D' h, b/ z7 o7 u' u David Shambaugh is professor and director of the China Policy Program at George Washington University and the author of “China’s Communist Party: Atrophy & Adaptation.” tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb9 G# A% d6 W* a4 C: j
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。. W) F/ F5 T6 a& f. i1 Y
tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb, |% w- W; C# N- K; K% C7 p
7 T8 M/ ?( E8 Q ^5 m I _5.39.217.76tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb& F0 _& N4 p, W/ _4 p