本帖最後由 aa00 於 2011-7-11 11:35 AM 編輯 / j- Z# `# V: h- V- Y; `TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 : d0 b) N7 v4 o; f& d' s# s5.39.217.762011年 6月 21日公仔箱論壇, i5 j5 j( Z" S" w 中共九十載功罪,誰來評説? 5.39.217.76$ c, M6 s9 c7 h3 ?1 y
( N. \- c" F LTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。VOA 記者: 寧馨 | 華盛頓 5.39.217.76: y E* a( \ C T3 O
來源: 美國之音5.39.217.76: v# |: f# p, \4 H: l* ?
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; ~, y& t5 k' d3 p- d5.39.217.76 《中國共産黨歷史》第二卷封面公仔箱論壇( `; _, ~+ V s; b. M& k" c
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隨著中共建黨九十週年的到來,中國政府出版了一系列闡述中共歷史的書籍,其中最引人注目的是今年春天出版的“中國共産黨歷史”第二卷。這卷黨史記述了1949到1978年中國共産黨走過的歷程。 % R% _" `6 F, z/ W$ p( {1 M* z7 z ; s) y- c' `( Y, N1 O*中共爭奪評説功罪話語權?* # `5 W, P4 U7 u1 T# s, f4 c / F" d8 s3 _8 E2 _7 @華盛頓郵報在最近一篇報道中指出,中共在建黨九十週年之前推出該書,是為了爭奪評説中共建黨九十年功罪的話語權, 為中共歷史定性。報道認為,這卷黨史要傳遞這樣一個資訊:中國今天的經濟繁榮和上升的國際地位,都是幾十年未經中斷的一黨統治的成果。在這樣的定位之下,中共官方黨史能在多大程度上坦率探討中共不光彩的歷史,就值得懷疑了。 ; y9 S" [9 R5 S6 }4 `9 h, @+ btvb now,tvbnow,bttvbTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。' S1 u: v- Y* T8 u/ V, n. B5 x: c
*1949-1978:中共難以面對的歷史*5.39.217.761 P" H1 g) E' ~
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中共黨史第二卷的的編輯撰寫,歷經十六年,遠遠超過原定的四年時間,主要原因是其內容的敏感性。該書覆蓋的時段中,中共多次發動引起爭議的政治、經濟和文化運動,造成幾千萬人死亡,國家多次陷於動蕩和崩潰的邊緣。如何為這段歷史定位,涉及各方利益和考量, 成為中共一個巨大的難題。 據華盛頓郵報報道,該書經過了六十四個黨政部門的審核,包括胡錦濤、習近平和曾慶紅等領導人都就內容提出了要求。當年擔任主編的三位黨史專家,有兩位在編撰過程中去世,到出版時只剩下一位。在本書出版之際,人民網的報道就指出,該書“在撰寫中得到中央領導同志的親切關懷和精心指導,若干重要問題的表述均經中央批准。” 1 w0 Q5 z. `$ `$ R公仔箱論壇 $ \0 z A% T7 N# L/ k6 wTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。華盛頓郵報指出,在今天的中國掌握經濟和政治大權的政治高層,很多人是“紅二代”。他們即使其父輩曾經是當年中共殘酷鬥爭中的受害者,也希望呈現一個污點較少的中共歷史,以維護共産黨的統治合法性以及自身的既得利益。 6 Y! h( ^8 T/ J# [, A公仔箱論壇TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。% i/ U! w3 A$ ]
過去多年來,中共對1949到1978年這段歷史一直諱莫如深,有關中共建政以來歷次運動和權力鬥爭的研究都難以在中國大陸出版發行。著名作家巴金生前一直呼籲建立文革博物館,但是中國官方卻以“文革已有結論”為託辭拒絕公開討論文革。在抹殺集體記憶的同時,中國又推動“唱紅歌”這樣的運動,將那段歷史美化和浪漫化。在這樣的努力下,中國今天的年輕人對於中共建政後的歷史缺乏基本的了解。巴金曾經説過,他每聽到“東方紅”這首歌時都會全身發抖,因為在文革期間,紅衛兵小將把他們這些牛鬼蛇神押上臺批鬥時都會放這首歌。如果巴金活到今天,不知他對唱紅作何感想? Y8 G& Y* ~! v, N7 O& ~9 k3 S! u# o- G
*遺忘罪惡的民族沒有前途*5.39.217.762 F2 L' V v& J$ m) R5 e
0 I* [. M. B1 R( ~1 H" }5.39.217.76中國諾貝爾和平獎獲得者劉曉波曾經表示:“遺忘罪惡的民族沒有前途。”。雖然中共多年來試圖壟斷對於建政以來歷史的解説,但是中西方有許多歷史學者對這段歷史進行了獨立的研究和討論,試圖理清這段歷史的脈絡。5.39.217.76( C: |( \# B' H, R: d+ V! _+ N! g
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那麼,中國官方推出的“中國共産黨歷史”第二卷對於中共歷史的記述,和中外獨立歷史學者的研究有哪些分歧呢?在今後幾天時間裏,美國之音中文網站將就幾個中共歷史上的熱點問題和政治懸案,比較中國官方和獨立史家的不同看法。在這些報道中,中國官方的提法以中國共産黨歷史第二卷的內容為準;中外獨立歷史學者的研究則以美國之音記者李肅的“共産黨在中國:回首文革”和“共産黨在中國:1949之後”兩個大型專題的內容為基礎。作者: aa00 時間: 2011-6-23 07:39 AM
本帖最後由 aa00 於 2011-6-23 07:43 AM 編輯 ! ]( \, b) m4 D
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2011年 6月 21日 " L: `9 s4 \/ X5 `5 P5.39.217.76三位年輕女性眼中的中國共産黨 公仔箱論壇( m2 P& ]9 A5 ~ 4 _: D; A/ |2 M4 V+ z" k
VOA 記者: 張楠 | 北京 ' n% V$ \4 o0 N$ K& C5.39.217.76來源: 美國之音0 M/ g/ b; q) P: u1 Y
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( T, N) |2 X* V1 [TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。0 e' s1 _. P/ Z! p$ U7 T9 X" P) R0 \: P 圖片來源: 美國之音張楠 tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb+ r7 D( a5 z7 ?/ e- a
中共黨旗雕塑 - m1 D* S8 k+ B& f ZTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。公仔箱論壇( X" y; l+ b6 a! r
, e* I/ g! j/ e/ c: P7 n公仔箱論壇 , w: ?/ R C7 `! R5 ? - l5 o8 ?! h+ @7 m公仔箱論壇戰爭年代,中國共産黨曾以“為自由民主新中國而奮鬥”的口號吸引大批年輕人加入其行列。在今天的中國,共産黨對於青年人還有吸引力嗎?美國之音記者採訪了三位年輕的城市知識女性,請她們談談對中共的認識。 - Z* b4 D0 O$ u, ?" WTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。& a) m2 V8 d) }
*陳蓓:入黨變成“非常可笑的事情”*tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb) _3 S0 K" M! |! v! P
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陳蓓是深圳某公司的公關人員,曾經寫過入黨申請書;汪萍是北京的在校大學生,最近剛剛遞交入黨申請書;姚瀟則是北京某街道辦事處的黨總支副書記。她們在接受採訪時都談到年輕人要求入黨的動機問題。 5 z* R0 |1 ^! p Q- ITVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 " g$ I! V' g+ a+ F S公仔箱論壇陳蓓高中時期申請入黨,她覺得從團員轉成黨員是順理成章、再自然不過的事。但是申請過程中的一些見聞令她心灰意懶。她説:“我就發現很多同學入不入黨,還是跟學習成績或者你的父母是不是做官員是相關的。競爭條件非常激烈。”TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。7 D% h5 Q, n/ }8 i1 S
l8 V0 C) m2 [, T# n 8 v' w+ T. _+ y- B+ h; s . R) K; \- l: {) H% p4 [公仔箱論壇tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb% H: k# z/ N! q9 Q6 X1 k ) [4 a* r$ g! Q; b! \$ q公仔箱論壇美國之音張楠中共黨章 % N/ n' h7 V( D! p
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- h* E: y7 Z B4 ^1 L+ ~" ^5.39.217.76陳蓓説,大學裏也存在同樣問題,組織考察一個人並不看他是否忠於黨,而申請者也並非真心誠意為黨的事業而奮鬥。她説:“更多的人是在想,入黨了以後,我找工作的時候更加方便。所以入黨變成一個非常現實的東西。”' G! f( V( m" l) Q: S
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她説,很多同學的入黨申請書和思想彙報都是從網上下載的,從而使申請入黨變成一件“非常可笑的事情”,因此上大學後她就沒再寫入黨申請書。 & \! M& C) q4 P; g htvb now,tvbnow,bttvb8 F% @) [- m. ^! ^0 i% L
*汪萍:入黨沒有功利的幾乎沒有* 3 w' U" B1 W; Gtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb, s/ u) I' v% k' W* w
跟陳蓓不同,汪萍是在上大學後提出入黨申請的。她説,她所在班級有大約30名同學,有20幾人申請入黨。但是,對黨有正確認識的很少,大都是出於虛榮心、從眾心理或者功利目的。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 V6 N' r6 L( e% d6 X" Z
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。0 A+ x; E/ ^% [- H( T
她説:“黨員起碼跟同階層的人相比,政治地位有所提高,而且在社會上的認可度比較高,況且考公務員,人們都比較注重黨員。説實話,現在沒有功利的幾乎沒有。”- q: A {% n% [
' c v' B) w! A" a3 ]0 E4 _TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。汪萍説,她申請入黨雖有一定功利性,但主要還是為了信仰。不過她表示,她對馬列主義、毛澤東思想並非全盤接受。公仔箱論壇* y7 D4 y# `# W4 b
8 I+ Z3 P- d! y( b- b& z RTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。她説:“比如説,中國共産黨最高目標是實現共産主義,但是我覺得共産主義是一個難以實現的烏托邦。這樣理想的社會,是不可能的,因為每個人都有私欲。” . A1 c( d+ j4 v5 E2 s* m Dtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb# _: v$ q) g" l+ R6 I3 O
*姚瀟:離共産主義還十分遙遠*5.39.217.762 ^: O" B$ ~1 i' V' F2 m
5 O1 f! |8 J$ w% A, s$ m*運動導致中國的倒退*tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb/ o! s, G0 `- Z' W' r. [
4 v w, D$ ]/ U4 ]( N. g: c前中國經濟體制改革研究所所長、在六四之後流亡美國的學者陳一咨在接受美國之音記者李肅的採訪時説:“胡耀邦曾經説過,中國在文化革命中兩億人被批判、鬥爭、牽連,所以幾乎家家戶戶都有人受到過不公正對待和迫害。那麼在文化革命以前呢,從流血土改,到清匪反霸,到鎮壓反革命,到三反五反,到批判俞平伯啊,胡風啊,再到反冒進,到社會主義改造,反右派,大躍進,在中國幾乎所有有知識的、有教養的、有文化的、有頭腦的、有不同意見的,幾乎沒有人能逃過種種浩劫。整個中國呈現的是一種用野蠻代替文明,用落後代替先進,用無知代替有知的歷史性倒退。”! I7 a4 h/ Y$ w q# l
9 e4 i; J; O. V5.39.217.76裴敏欣的文章説:“但要是今天有人問:‘共産黨現在所代表的是什麼呢?’沒有多少中國領導人對這個問題可以給出一個言之成理的誠實的答案。我們可以確切地知道的是,中共不再代表烏托邦的意識形態。假如説中國代表什麼意識形態的話,那個意識形態就是權力意識形態。中共統治的唯一理由就是要繼續掌權。”5.39.217.761 @' f& t8 p5 F/ P* K9 h
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裴敏欣的文章説:“現在中共已經掌權62年。中共領導人或許也想注意到一黨統治的最長紀錄是74年,紀錄保持者是蘇聯共産黨。次長紀錄保持者是墨西哥的制度革命黨,記錄是71年。在中國領導人慶祝中共90歲生日的時候,他們不應當有什麼幻想,以為中共可以超越歷史限制萬壽無疆。” P; u; r; s; U) [2 K
" O$ S' a6 f& s4 r: F" [5.39.217.76 |* q' l# z M0 ^ J) R: K9 yTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。關於中共建黨90週年這個話題,紐約時報6月30日還發表美國喬治.華盛頓大學中國政策項目主任沈大偉的文章,題目是“中國90歲的共産黨”。文章説:“中國執政的共産黨在全國各地舉行各種慶祝活動,組織媒體大力報導,紀念中共成立90週年。但所有這一切熱鬧都不能掩蓋中共的心虛。”5.39.217.76; C6 H' a2 i+ k) s n
. J1 g4 V! N5 M1 R" o公仔箱論壇沈大偉的文章説:“在舉行這些慶祝活動的同時,官方對黨的過去也進行了前所未有的審視。經過16年的撰寫之後,中央黨史研究室出版了一本1000多頁的黨史,時間跨度是從1949年到1978年。(1978年之後的歷史顯然依然在政治上過於敏感,因為涉及很多現在依然在位的官員。)” * c! U5 a% w" g9 w5.39.217.769 F K' j3 U( X6 M1 Z: N1 z7 q- b
沈大偉的文章説:“這部黨史只字不提1950年代造成千百萬人死亡的歷次暴力政治運動。有些運動雖然雖然得到了討論,但其中的政治迫害和殺人則沒有討論。1956年‘百花齊放百家爭鳴’運動則完全沒有提及。在‘百花齊放百家爭鳴’期間,知識分子對共産黨統治提出了正面的批評,其中一些批評至今依然正確。這部黨史只是寫了隨後的‘反右’清洗運動,但沒有提鄧小平所擔任的‘反右’運動領導角色。” % c* c2 Q: j4 _! k" |. A# [! B5.39.217.76 5 m: G: r) A4 }) i. M3 Z! L' ?公仔箱論壇沈大偉的文章説:“‘大躍進’運動造成‘三年困難時期’(1960-62)。據歷史專家馮克(Frank Dikotter)的新近檔案研究,那場運動導致多達4500萬人死亡。大躍進和文化大革命(1966-76)在這部黨史中佔有相當的篇幅,但那兩場大災難基本上被歸咎於‘左傾機會主義者’如林彪、江青和四人幫。”TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。4 T) ~7 g, B; z# m1 q
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沈大偉的文章最後説:“中國90歲的共産黨有點像很多90歲的老人,身體越來越弱,戰戰兢兢,摸索試驗各種方法試圖益壽延年,但同時又難以招架應付生活所牽涉的各種複雜性。” ! @7 q' @) b' T0 S5.39.217.76 , ^: i/ Z# Y, b: |, |- W & C) K# j9 j4 x5.39.217.76以上是美國各地主要媒體有關中國的評論。評論所反映的觀點為發表評論媒體之觀點,並不一定代表美國之音的觀點。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb) w2 O1 \. I) ]% o
7 R) a! ?3 k! a( r& d+ `' ^公仔箱論壇 0 M7 @/ q, B1 V5 I( j& M/ r5.39.217.76 9 ` r1 P+ _: A7 t, z) o公仔箱論壇 8 \: D7 y, X. L/ etvb now,tvbnow,bttvb來源 / 版權所有: 以上所述媒体 / 美國之音TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。6 C) P/ A6 d" y, i( u m! J7 |; Z
(以上内容摘自或摘译自 其它媒体 / 美國之音,不代表發帖者观点) ( O% `7 a" [$ M; c5 H: aTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 6 o$ P# I n1 K 7 `+ U3 y4 q" c) X- a
$ \* v- z4 Y2 @# F6 k 註:上文引述有關媒體全文轉貼於樓下 + y6 o; B4 g6 [: O, Ntvb now,tvbnow,bttvb / k4 \4 y+ ]7 K- o3 ^作者: aa00 時間: 2011-7-1 11:49 AM
本帖最後由 aa00 於 2011-7-1 11:58 AM 編輯 8 r' z' H5 o+ z! Y9 e* s& b 3 e0 m" e9 ~- `" P6 Ztvb now,tvbnow,bttvbI.H.T. Op-Ed Contributor , f/ w- j- z0 T" K. G# J$ i5.39.217.76/ W* U; S% G9 I6 P, |! W+ z
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TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。- \& e+ v! g. ~3 C1 P Great Party, but Where's the Communism? tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb# k8 N. R4 L+ L8 b7 }! g1 K |) q
1 }6 m" }7 H: \7 m1 N$ ^tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。- E- U8 N d3 g0 G
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By MINXIN PEIPublished: June 30, 2011 tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb2 g* j ~3 B7 l
3 U: D) M- V) }8 {6 {公仔箱論壇 / ^: v/ O0 Y! O7 r$ k. H) I5.39.217.76公仔箱論壇! r1 R d8 h9 \! N( C- H( m- V
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There is little question that the Chinese Communist Party has come a long way since it was founded 90 years ago by 12 delegates representing roughly 50 members. ~* \. B+ h# H: g% N' G公仔箱論壇& m" h* {% I; G6 r5 P. d
; @. V6 q% f! ~/ u* aYet however insignificant it may have seemed back then, there was no question about its ideology, identity and mission. Inspired by utopian Marxism, the party represented China’s idealist leftists, nationalists and the downtrodden. Its mission was to end social injustice and Western colonialism. & N3 [* s d+ K7 [/ y6 h0 T- b5.39.217.76 ' V$ V! T) }9 j% i8 B' n5.39.217.76& T% V2 f# n$ ]2 ]: J0 H
Today the party is a political behemoth, with 80 million members and control of the world’s second-largest economy. At home its grip on power faces no organized challenge; abroad its leaders are accorded a respect Mao and Zhou Enlai could not have dreamed of. 2 n' p: I2 d* {) [" o6 E
( c, Z5 n$ [* X0 M5.39.217.76 , _$ }+ G: T! J5.39.217.76Indeed, we should give the party its due for having abandoned the Maoist madness of its first three decades in power — the mass terror, famine, brutal political campaigns and vicious power struggles — and for radically improving the material lives of China’s 1.3 billion people. . i% e& j' @5 x. p- C: ntvb now,tvbnow,bttvb" n3 C1 _1 d# c8 h- n
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Yet if asked, “What does the Communist Party stand for,” few Chinese leaders today could give a coherent or honest answer. TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。# ]2 d- M2 `, x2 ]* W
8 ?( |+ F( u( a+ H) O. m- B % }2 K& z- `9 I }3 `This much we know: It no longer stands for a utopian ideology. If there is one ideology that the party represents, it is the ideology of power. The sole justification for the party’s rule is the imperative to stay in power. `( a; { B& A& N* F; k
+ [6 s8 s5 v e) V$ Mtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb 4 z, r) T# |0 w& ]2 Z+ INor does the party stand for China’s masses. Despite efforts to broaden its social base and make it more connected with China’s dynamic and diverse society, the party today has evolved into a self-serving, bureaucratized political patronage machine. It is undeniably an elitist party, with more than 70 percent of its members recruited from government officials, the military, college graduates, businessmen and professionals. 5 P3 R( D9 q1 X# h6 @5.39.217.764 a- A. H# s1 E, l) K0 `+ m
( K5 Q; D( e5 D/ mSo for all its apparent power, the party is in fact facing an existential crisis and an uncertain future. Apart from staying in power, it has no public purpose. The crisis is not only ideological, but also political; it explains much of the cynicism, corruption and insecurity of the party and its elites. ) Q& T3 s* }! p0 G4 U# Y公仔箱論壇5.39.217.76- Q# h! ~, E3 B" m4 Q: L
( F0 W0 o Y" m6 X' ~公仔箱論壇As the party has firmly rejected democratization, its only strategy for survival is to maintain the course it has embarked on since the Tiananmen crackdown in June 1989: drawing political legitimacy from economic growth but relying on repression to crush challenges to its monopoly of power. Although this strategy has worked well since Tiananmen, its effectiveness and sustainability are increasingly in doubt. 7 c& A) m2 h0 U b2 B( |0 z5 `. V& t) Z. k! C
8 j3 S2 g5 L2 B) btvb now,tvbnow,bttvbOn the economic front, growth is about to slow down. Demographic aging, resource constraints, stalled economic reforms and environmental degradation are almost certain to depress China’s growth potential. An optimistic World Bank forecast predicts a growth rate from 2016-2020 of about 7 percent annually — a respectable number, but a 30 percent drop from today’s rate. 5.39.217.76( J0 h' A, j# I+ H, v6 ~
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China’s economic revolution is also unleashing powerful social forces that will make maintaining a one-party state more tenuous. The party’s governing philosophy and organizational structure make it difficult to incorporate China’s growing middle-class politically. The convergence of an economic slowdown and rising political activism will challenge the party’s rule from several directions. 公仔箱論壇2 ?4 J5 S1 u5 @; Q( z: F0 u
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Now that the Chinese Communist Party has been in power for 62 years, its leaders might also want to note that the record for one-party rule is 74 years, held by the Soviet party, followed by the 71-year rein of Mexico’s Institutional Revolutionary Party. + Z; y" M8 P' \ gTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 4 m& m4 g* Y' w0 htvb now,tvbnow,bttvb 2 z' Q/ R& e4 E% b* _So when Chinese leaders toast their party’s 90th birthday, they should harbor no illusions that the party can beat history’s odds forever. K% \* Y$ U1 s, v1 {3 ^2 D# R 6 q4 r# C& B( d" T& n& y! k; n ! E+ l m3 b* B0 y5.39.217.76Minxin Pei is a professor of government at Claremont McKenna College in California. D' j1 z. P. o( _: \4 `8 lTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 3 c/ u2 O! s, H& [TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。5.39.217.763 y6 v5 F* a8 d, d2 _
I.H.T. Op-Ed Contributor ' ]5 @$ N3 t. [$ Ltvb now,tvbnow,bttvb W+ e! |! y- I2 t( d+ S * ?( }( H% }0 D: e公仔箱論壇China's Communist Party at 90 9 M" {# y! S: k f7 [/ Ktvb now,tvbnow,bttvb 7 ?$ D- h8 X2 C& T5.39.217.76公仔箱論壇. E) t; c$ C% E9 f, i2 c% f* `, y, J
By DAVID SHAMBAUGHPublished: June 30, 2011 5.39.217.766 Q) S/ j' q( u+ ~3 j9 j8 b0 H& o
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BEIJING — Nationwide ceremonies and a deluge of media coverage have been mobilized by China’s ruling Communist Party to mark its 90th anniversary today. But all the hoopla cannot conceal the party’s insecure state. ) z5 u8 e1 i8 _# }* K3 dTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。5.39.217.76. L, a& Z% f5 R" v& s( w
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Central China Television (CCTV) has been airing long narrative documentaries about the party’s history; bookstores are full of red-covered histories; museums have mounted special exhibitions — including the new National Museum’s “Road to Rejuvenation.” And the buildup will be capped by a nationwide address by the party’s general secretary, President Hu Jintao. ! ?/ X9 E9 a4 I
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The main theme in all these celebrations has been that the party has provided China prosperity and dignity following a “century of shame and humiliation.” The narrative of past aggression and aggrievement is pervasive, as is the affirmation that the party has rebuilt Chinese society and restored China’s rightful place in the world. 2 h, I$ S) g9 f4 m$ \/ ?! Ltvb now,tvbnow,bttvb ' p, U, u3 y( A* u+ ]; Q. `tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb公仔箱論壇. S: e @0 m$ P; n4 b2 G
Accompanying the festivities is an unprecedented official look into the party’s past. After 16 years of preparation, the Central Party History Research Office has produced a 1,000-plus-page compendium of the party’s history from 1949 to 1978 (post-1978 apparently remains too politically sensitive because many of the officials involved are still in power). 公仔箱論壇$ }; V5 f% O U8 Q$ ^$ w& I; M
- G) V' ~: S& ^6 H6 g* f- N5.39.217.76 * ^' f/ v# I8 d. T6 YTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。While the tome provides many new details of sensitive events during the Mao era, it is still highly selective and largely in step with the master narrative laid down in the 1982 publication: “Certain Questions in Our Party’s History.” 5.39.217.76- p K5 O' @' {
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Nowhere mentioned is the violence of political campaigns during the 1950s that cost the lives of tens of millions (some of the campaigns are discussed, but not the persecutions and killings). The 1956 Hundred Flowers Movement, in which intellectuals launched broadside critiques of party rule (many which remain apt today), is totally absent. Only the subsequent “Anti-Rightist” purge is covered (in a sanitized fashion) — but not Deng Xiaoping’s role in directing it. : t4 w3 |' {5 X$ j! V4 v% [
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The Great Leap Forward, which produced the “three bitter years” (1960-62) and claimed the lives of up to 45 million, according to new archival research by the historian Frank Dikotter, and the Cultural Revolution (1966-76) receive substantial treatment. But both catastrophes are essentially attributed to the usurping of party rule by “leftist opportunists” like Lin Biao, Jiang Qing and the Gang of Four. TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 i7 V1 q+ A) a$ Y; d+ |
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Mao himself does come in for criticism, but overall the blame is shifted to others. Mao’s successor Hua Guofeng does benefit from a posthumous “rehabilitation,” but no such luck for the disgraced Zhao Ziyang. 8 b, Y* `2 I3 L1 y 5 |! [$ L8 H) A- k- hTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。公仔箱論壇+ H: ]# v9 M: }! m( Q
The official treatment of these events is clear: maintain a strong institutional apparatus and remain vigilant against inner-party usurpers and foreign saboteurs. Thus, even in the midst of an anniversary celebration, the party’s continuing inability to honestly and fully confront its past speaks volumes about its present and future. It is symptomatic of existing insecurities. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb4 I3 r3 N7 O" ~1 a" J; G8 S
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Since the autumn of 2009, following the Fourth Plenary Session of the 17th Central Committee, China and the world have witnessed a more repressive and insecure Communist Party, including a slowing of some political reforms undertaken from 1997-2009. $ I$ G! P; u$ U1 c5 x1 `公仔箱論壇公仔箱論壇$ }7 H8 d [- ?
! D# T6 T- a0 E r5.39.217.76Despite the political stagnation, three sets of reforms have continued: expanding multi-candidate elections to local level party committees; increased transparency in local budgeting and resource allocation; and efforts to improve meritocracy at all levels of the party and government. But efforts to make central policy making more transparent, to prosecute pervasive corruption, to improve “intra-party democracy” and “extra-party supervision,” and to open up the media have all stagnated. 1 H* z( D; M8 H% j. s3 {% d
) w6 ?6 c0 C0 Z2 c" _ : l" m9 ]% u+ l# R, ^tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbThese reforms all grew out of the party’s study of the collapse of the Soviet Union and other one-party regimes. The main lesson the Chinese Communist Party drew from these foreign examples was to be proactive, flexible and adaptive, and to manage political change from above. Stasis and dogmatism were seen as recipes for stagnation and collapse. 0 I' A U. ?+ u8 W4 J4 @& Z- g) DTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 6 \& k- F+ d) e% p4 {公仔箱論壇5.39.217.76- p# \8 ^2 x8 k; n# \" |; K/ j4 p
What we are witnessing as the party turns 90, however, is the opposite. Instead of being secure and confident, it is seemingly frozen in fear of the future, unsure about its grip over ethnic regions (Tibet, Xinjiang, and Inner Mongolia), afraid of rising social unrest and ad hoc demonstrations, worried about the macro-economy and foreign relations, and on the cusp of a major leadership transition in 2012. % a2 r6 D/ ^' h9 e+ L% z公仔箱論壇5.39.217.76: z6 _! L! d3 j+ @7 v
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Moreover, a coalition of internal security forces, giant state-owned corporations, the propaganda apparatus, and the military have joined with hard-line elements in the party to pull back from reforms. / T' w, m/ C5 x% p. U公仔箱論壇 & Z0 t+ H7 ~+ a7 G: s5.39.217.76TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。2 g* X/ Y" q$ {; c9 T
Yet there is a reformist wing in the party, led by Prime Minister Wen Jiabao, which advocates more open politics. But it does not have the resources or allies to re-ignite political reforms. The intra-party cleavage runs high and deep and party members here indicate viewpoints and factions are becoming increasingly polarized. The pending leadership transition only adds to the risk aversion and crackdown. 公仔箱論壇4 ]$ \' ?8 @8 |1 p4 F5 m/ e. A
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China’s Communist Party at 90 is a bit like many 90-year-olds: increasingly infirm, fearful, experimenting with ways to prolong life, but overwhelmed by the complexities of managing it. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb4 P% z& a& d0 x
5 S5 J- g1 z5 b2 i: j, dtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb % W; T7 I- l2 p# \David Shambaugh is professor and director of the China Policy Program at George Washington University and the author of “China’s Communist Party: Atrophy & Adaptation.” 公仔箱論壇" V Y( @+ _3 n; C) V6 X
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。; m# k7 K* T9 D9 i6 r9 h
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(以上内容摘自或摘译自 《紐約時報》,不代表發帖者观点) / [' \5 h [. d7 J' DTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 4 t$ P( d; p4 O% [作者: aa00 時間: 2011-7-1 12:23 PM
90年的变与不变 3 r8 i8 R* k0 c# Y; j公仔箱論壇 * [1 x4 l/ `9 k4 g) ` : F& q2 U r5 s+ H% Ltvb now,tvbnow,bttvb * W: n @% k, j; t/ o5 HGroßansicht des Bildes mit der Bildunterschrift: 公仔箱論壇! D9 B/ ^5 w1 c8 k! w
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- B' }% o! G8 v8 f$ d% X5.39.217.76今年7月1日是中国共产党建党90周年的日子。今天的中共已经放松了诸多意识形态上的禁锢,允许一些新的尝试,不过中国的一党独大90年来铁杆不动。 " u; a u9 F4 E. l5 v! l
4 w. Y/ A* E& F! zTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 ; n+ J6 W8 j+ Y9 V" I' d b& V公仔箱論壇中国给西方的感觉很复杂:又钦佩向往,又存有畏惧。由中国共产党执政的这个人口大国在经济上创造了一个又一个的奇迹。从1980年至今,中国的国内生产总值翻了30番。中华人民共和国现在已经是全球第二大经济实体。国际货币基金组织还大胆预言,至2020年,中国将取代美国在经济上称雄世界。公仔箱論壇+ O5 w- M+ N5 N
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北京政府现在就拥有全球第一大外汇储备近3万亿美元,这一数字还在不断增加。中国政府 ' s2 J& S6 _8 {. ?2 b, uTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 : }( D$ J+ D, Y, y/ S. d ) D I! N- b0 @9 p
大力投资科研和教育,成功实现经济转型,改善了民众的生活水平。中国公司多年来大举收购海外企业。中国国内的有钱人也与日俱增,已经有近40万千万富翁,仅次于美、日、德国。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb T' C$ w2 c& u