本帖最後由 bchew 於 2009-12-22 09:32 AM 編輯 公仔箱論壇2 B4 S# T% M& _1 J
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People have become significant earth movers, outpacing all sources of natural erosion. More and more tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb1 ~# A$ ] L2 X6 l% Y8 O$ r
of our footprint can be seen from space in many forms, including cities, reservoirs,agriculture and
7 s/ |: J! Y1 D% J' B0 Sdeforestation. Among the most impressive human scars on the planet are open-pit mines.; j8 d/ D3 |5 h0 w B
We’ve gathered some of the biggest, most spectacular and interesting mines, as captured by
2 i- Z( P7 v% F( d/ m- P& L/ f* Z) dastronauts and satellites on the following pages." Y+ }( n D* G# S$ S; [
' U9 ~% E3 I8 B% [0 u+ X, W公仔箱論壇Above: Berkeley Pit, Butte, Montana
7 i) a2 q5 k7 R' h+ _tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbThis former copper mine operated between 1955 and 1982. Gold and silver were also mined.
; @+ Y9 ~* X7 E" T. [公仔箱論壇An elaborate system of pumps and drains kept the local water level low enough for mining. 公仔箱論壇# k$ i3 W- r7 ] Z
Today, the 1,780 foot-deep pit is filled with around 900 feet of very contaminated water filled
& Q, b* J* @( a' h: lwith metals and chemicals such as arsenic, cadmium, pyrite, zinc,copper and sulfuric acid. The TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。" ~7 r: X3 f- S, S4 ? W* \
water can be as acidic as battery acid,and copper can actually be “mined” directly from the water.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb+ H& N- V( s; w! z" D3 S7 Q
Currently, the 1-mile-by-0.5-mile pit is listed as a federal Superfund site with the potential to , ]% d! q/ \* m5 n3 }1 x- C( D) A
contaminate surrounding ground water, and,surprisingly, is also a tourist attraction, complete
t% M& }3 @. W, u: jTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。with gift shop and$2 admission fee.
6 n) I2 W6 `3 p/ `8 S8 F* M% W& Y& SThis photograph was taken Aug. 2, 2006, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station.
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Escondida Mine, Chile
% c3 Q! b. ^" r! P* H% z6 N; @tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbThe Escondida mine, opened in 1990 at 10,000 feet in northern Chile’s Atacama desert, currently produces
0 {; K0 n; O" R* E! N) ? y# etvb now,tvbnow,bttvbmore copper than any other mine in the world, with 1.5 million tons in 2007, worth more than $10 billion and 公仔箱論壇8 D- y, {- |- o& Z% j! X
representing nearly a tenth of world copper production. More than 6,000 people work at the mine.' _; U9 r0 A& N: _
This image was captured in 2000 by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer 0 w3 M& k3 w- \3 [9 M6 ]
aboard NASA’s Terra satellite.
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' B" G7 B2 I2 dBingham Canyon Mine, Utah公仔箱論壇2 K! C0 g# ~& ]& K* p
Located 20 miles outside Salt Lake City in the Oquirrh Mountains, the Bingham Canyon copper pit has produced
, k/ x' Z. F+ P公仔箱論壇more than 18million tons of copper over its lifetime, more than any other mine in the world. The pit is about 2.75 公仔箱論壇% G2 f* d! O7 k I
miles wide and 4,000 feet deep. Two Empire State buildings stacked one on top of the the other wouldn’t reach 5.39.217.765 N a$ E, A# j7 h
the top. By 2015, the mine will be 500 feet deeper, and a third Empire State building will fit inside. The terraces
+ N8 P1 Q& q. ~3 C* \tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbinside the pit,which provide a base for the digging equipment and also stabilize the slopes, can be more than 80 & y7 ]0 x) C0 Y% A" `
feet high. Opened in 1904, the site has been named a historic landmark.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。. O9 V$ A" z5 n
This photograph was taken Sept. 20, 2007, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station with a digital
& ]5 ?0 R4 q- N& p; k8 ^# Tcamera and an 800mm lens.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb. Z. O: e D$ s B: o
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6 R& {$ o3 k. ]公仔箱論壇Yuba River Goldfields, California.5.39.217.76% \" O! J& ~/ v3 B {
The Yuba Goldfields are a strange culmination of years of pressure-jet mining for gold upstream in the Sierra Nevada, tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb+ h! O5 A6 S0 J
dredging the tailings out of the river, and mining the tailings for gold and then later for gravel. The result is an odd
8 l' b) Q$ F- N3 E( eTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。landscape of reddish-brown and gray hills of gravel with water-filled ravines in between.
, B/ h% f6 J4 M% G+ d4 F* E s& Y5.39.217.76Shortly after gold was discovered in the Sierra Nevadain 1848, panning gave way to highly destructive hydraulic TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。; H c* ~) j$ q+ P7 `. @
mining, which involves blasting sediment away with high-powered jets of water. Gold was extracted from the gravel,
. ~! z. Q5 M& _8 ~+ G1 Y$ Wwhich was then dumped and carried downstream by rivers into the Sacramento Valley. The Yuba River ended up with tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb7 }" N4 N" y- b* A4 b2 I
685 million cubic feet of the mine waste, which raised the level of the river, overflowed the banks and buried farms.
. ]% ^( n/ I4 s2 ITVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Dredging of the Yuba began in 1893, and soon after,mining companies began to sift and re sift through the debris to
. s% C" c S0 F8 hextract ever-smaller bits of gold. By 1970, all economically feasible gold removal had been completed, and mining of the
( H5 F' Y0 J! f, ^ ngravel for concrete began. Today, ownership of the land is disputed among mining companies, private owners and the government.
+ Z8 X& K& O. F5.39.217.76This image was taken by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra satellite Aug. 29, 2001.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb7 s# e2 S3 W/ a2 k
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" h: O& X9 Z( c h# q/ xToquepala Copper Mine, Peru0 e6 m& D1 Z$ {/ g7 ?
Located in the Andes Mountains in southern Peru, the Toquepala mine is 1.5 miles wide and 2,300 feet deep.
/ T) i0 |1 ]/ L6 L. DThe mine’s main output is copper, but it also produces gold, silver and molybdenum. The railroad that was
" O5 V! D) O% Z# R& W' e1 S3 Rconstructed to carry the ore 60 miles to the coast can be seen winding down a canyon left of the center, ' }0 p6 Z# I3 L+ W* m5 l
heading southwest from the mine. This image was captured by astronauts aboard the International Space TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。* d4 H/ _8 n( B( L
Station on Sept. 22, 2003.
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- U: b1 A4 @& E. ]9 E! p6 x公仔箱論壇Freeport Mine, Indonesia
X4 w3 J0 O2 ?2 O6 t$ y9 n% BTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。The Freeport Mine, also known as the Grasberg complex,is a huge mining operation in Indonesia’s Sudirman
1 }- n) i/ W0 j. z, |4 J4 q8 q% NMountains. Copper was discovered here in 1936, and gold was first found in 1988. Today,the mine is one of 5.39.217.76" d. j" R7 \5 e x8 F
the largest gold- and copper-extraction operations in the world. The open pit is 2.5 miles wide, and there is TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。+ R+ W8 B% h% ]' R2 a" X6 q' m1 Q
extensive underground mining in the area as well. Glaciers are also visible in the image." Q5 l) ~ s7 b, }% u
This photograph was taken June 25, 2005, by astronauts on the International Space Station.
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Cananea Mine, Mexico0 Z) V+ V$ h6 l8 H
The Cananea mine is located 25 miles south of the United States border in Sonora, Mexico. The active Colorada 5.39.217.76- V0 E6 D8 z( J) \
Pit in the upper right is 1.6 miles across. It is one of the largest copper producers in the world and also contains 6 z7 n; j6 {0 T* l+ H t& Q
gold. Those two metals are often found together where hot magma forced its way up into the overlying bedrock.
/ \" W L1 _: X$ z0 F3 d tThe magma crystallized there while hot fluids circulated through it and into fractures in the surrounding rock,altering tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb7 ]+ r4 C0 O) ?. o' r3 I6 l. c* |
the rock to produce copper-rich minerals and gold.
4 s" A6 q4 ~: H$ Y8 B- ATVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。A 1906 miner’s strike at Cananea turned violent and resulted in 19 deaths, contributing to events that led to the
. S$ m# t% k% p0 e J- o7 \ `0 c ]Mexican Revolution in 1910. Another strike stopped work at the mine in 2007.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb P4 H: d4 I( s
This image was taken by astronauts aboard the International Space Station on March 3, 2008.5.39.217.76+ P0 [0 ]8 b; ?- H0 {+ s2 H. b
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0 j- _1 i" e" m+ Y, tTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Phosphate Mines, Jordan
+ b" N! G% o- R: }+ @0 b5.39.217.76Phosphate mining is an important industry in Jordan,which has abundant deposits of the mineral on approximately 60
! ?3 k1 H- F! O% a5.39.217.76percent of its territory. Phosphorus is essential to living things, and food can’t be produced without it. Some scientists
; X/ f+ R+ u) Dfear a shortage of this critical resource is impending and have predicted the world will reach “Peak Phosphorus,” the . [$ R8 e0 Y4 x) V0 |9 a4 J
point at which production will begin to decline, just 30 years from now. There is currently no synthetic alternative.公仔箱論壇& e0 R/ Z3 G# u: ?; V
This image was capture by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb0 Z! H! q0 M$ U: Q1 J6 j
satellite Sept. 17, 2005. It is a false-color composite of visible and infrared images. Vegetation appears red, water is ) O; J5 m/ {& X. O( }( K8 A
blue, and rock and soil can be anywhere from buff to black. The mining operation is the area just left of center in the
+ }( {# V/ p& X& ttvb now,tvbnow,bttvblower part of the image that appears striped.
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) y* k8 u6 o% C" r5.39.217.76New Cornelia Mine, Arizona
7 ]( N9 A$ L+ ?0 o% uCopper was first mined from this area just south of the mining town of Ajo, Arizona, around 1750. The open-pit mine pictured 公仔箱論壇& C3 b o( j3 w* p: c! y
above began being excavated in earnest in 1912. It was shut down in 1983 when the price of copper dropped. The scalloped
9 y% R# W* F& ^9 P4 _" ltvb now,tvbnow,bttvbland just to the right of the mine is covered in tailings, and the large gray rectangles above that are containment ponds where 5.39.217.76/ S1 {9 h& L$ q2 v$ x. m& d
the metal was extracted.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。" Y {6 @& Y T6 G7 f
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7 S( T& G: Y+ h( {: }/ ^; g公仔箱論壇Hambach Coal Mines, Germany$ \4 j @3 P3 D3 Z; g
The bright white-and-dark-blue–striped areas on the right side of this image are opencast coal mines in mid western Germany.
+ Q: o F. f: KOne of the mines is currently being worked by the Bagger 293, the largest machine in the world.The bucket-wheel excavator
- L# ?1 s7 t& P) |& l1 [$ _公仔箱論壇is twice as long as a soccer field and a stall as a 30-story building, and digs up 30 million tons of lignite per year.
: f* [- a' r% |. m eThis image, captured by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer aboard NASA’s Terra satellite 5.39.217.76 y5 k3 Z% Y: O I: Y0 `
Aug. 26, 2000, is a simulated natural-color image. The bright-green rectangular patches are crops, the gray patches are 0 l) g k; r0 k1 n* [" q. `" C
bare ground, and the bluish-gray areas are towns.
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