梁曉遴: 香港是如何開埠的？（一）從 19 世紀國際法和平條約談起TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。7 `: j) [8 O" h @$ B$ m: K Z% {
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2 U, I; d& B! m1 y4 y# n TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。3 f* e$ V4 U2 p e* O+ A
1 f( C8 t0 j3 ?5 w. _) l+ Z: ftvb now,tvbnow,bttvb1841 年 1 月 25 日，英軍在佔領角（ Possession Point ，今上環水坑口街附近的大笪地）登陸後，翌日大批海軍登陸，駐遠東艦隊支隊司令伯麥 (J. J. Gordon Bremer, 1786-1850) 在升上英國國旗和艦隊禮炮後，宣佈正式佔領香港島。自此，香港由未開發的偏遠漁港，進入了另一個政治商貿的新階段，史稱香港開埠。 $ f: N: |2 b. ^: R8 J$ Mtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb0 a7 m+ ~% x+ M, a
適逢今年香港開埠 175 年，筆者希望藉此機會，探討一下香港島在 1841 年開埠前後鮮為人知的一面。首先，筆者會在首篇以 19 世紀國際法和平條約來解讀香港開埠。隨後，筆者將會分別在時序、策略和心態上分析琦善和義律在廣東談判中關於香港割讓的實情、外交大臣麥尊 (Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, 1784-1865) 否定《穿鼻草約》、義律 (Charles Elliot, 1801-1875) 作為在華商務總監的權力和義律公告 (Elliot’s Proclamation) 的存在矛盾這三點，並以香港開埠作為列強行使國際法的個案研究，最後帶引出香港如何開埠。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。9 Q; E% o; d5 h# h9 m
近代中國的通商口岸（商埠），就打開的方式而言，一般分為兩類：9 e+ n' q/ j& P! Z& j
“Her Majesty’s plenipotentiary has now to announce the conclusion of preliminary arrangements between the imperial commissioner and himself involving the following conditions: 2 C8 G" R' r# B5 u- C- c% C2 a* E( |
The cession of the island and harbour of Hongkong to the British crown. All just charges and duties tot the empire upon the commerce carried on there to be paid as if the trade were conducted at Whampoa.
An indemnity to the British government of six millions of dollars, on million payable at once, remainder in equal annual instalments ending in 1846.
Direct official intercourse between the countries upon equal footing.
The trade of the port of Canton to be opened within ten further arrangements are practicable at the new settlement."
As to other public treaties: in order to enable a public minister or other diplomatic agent to conclude and sign a treaty with the government to which he is accredited, he must be furnished with a full power, independent of his general letter of credence. Grotius, and after him Puffendorf, consider treaties and conventions, thus negotiated and signed, as binding upon the sovereign in whose name they are concluded, in the same manner as any other contract made by a duly authorised agent binds his principal according to the general rules of civil jurisprudence. . V+ W4 k, m x3 W; S& i公仔箱論壇
關於代理君主的大臣之職權，文中寫道： 5 m; J9 Y0 C2 [8 S' `5.39.217.76
the sovereign is bound by the acts of his ambassadors, within the limits of his patent full-power, although the latter may have transcended or violated his secret instruction. But if the minister exceed his authority, or undertake to treat points not contained in his full-power and instructions, the sovereign is fully justified in delaying, or even refusing his ratification.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb: N1 j) T2 Q! W6 W5 X0 t4 T- g
換言之，假如全權大臣越權商議，君主是有權拒絕公約。 : v! x: R1 t: N公仔箱論壇那麼，君主能夠如何拒絕呢？即使全權代表已經同意條約，只要君主能夠証明全權代表偏離了其意旨，君主是有權拒絕條約的： 2 r+ u. {4 T: d8 X) z9 X K
before a sovereign can honourably refuse to ratify that which has been concluded in virtue of a full power, he must have strong and solid reasons, and, in particular, he must show that his minister has deviated from his instruction.公仔箱論壇/ E# ]! }4 q- K6 d3 G
另外，《國際法原理》第四節又指出，假如全權代表擅自立約，在沒有得到君主准許或授權的情況下作出超越其權力的約定或承諾，最終仍必須得到（君主）的准許： 4 D5 F2 V9 M& `: S" O. g公仔箱論壇
Such acts or engagements, which made without authority, or exceeding the limits of the authority under which they purport to be made, are called Sponions. These convention must be confirmed by express or tacit ratification. o: M0 ^) V7 M, c3 U
the assent of the chambers, clothed with the forms of a legislative act, is considered essential to the ultimate validity of a treaty ceding any portion of the national territory. |! _& I, n* c; l
By the general principles of private jurisprudence, recognized by most, if not all, CIVILIZED COUNTRIES, a contract obtained by violence is void. Freedom of consent to the validity of every agreement, and contracts obtained under duress are void, because the general welfare of society requires that they should be so.（大寫為筆者所加） 4 }7 H) Y& |( W" G+ \' A0 J2 J0 y: Z5 ^tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb
簡而言之，當時國際法似乎已清晰厘定，包含了領土割讓的條約，需要符合兩個前提才能生效：tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb' E' L% C+ @" Y) w% b
Her Majesty’s plenipotentiary has now to announce the conclusion of preliminary arrangements between the imperial commissioner and himself involving the following conditions:6 l. z$ W3 r" M; m* ?
The cession of the island and harbour of Hongkong to the British crown. All just charges and duties tot the empire upon the commerce carried on there to be paid as if the trade were conducted at Whampoa.
An indemnity to the British government of six millions of dollars, on million payable at once, remainder in equal annual instalments ending in 1846.
Direct official intercourse between the countries upon equal footing.
The trade of the port of Canton to be opened within ten further arrangements are practicable at the new settlement.
根據草約所指，義律與琦善已達成「達成初步安排」 "the conclusion of preliminary arrangements between the imperial commissioner and himself" 。然而，這個「達成初步安排」的文據究竟是什麼呢？在義律發佈公吿後的第六天，即1841年1月26日英軍佔領香港這天，伯麥照會大鵬協副將賴恩爵，內容如下 [2] ： $ T) ]+ w! @5 ~$ ?公仔箱論壇
照得本國公使大臣義，與欽差大臣爵閣部堂琦，說定諸事，議將香港等處全島地方，讓給英國主掌，已在文據在案。是該島現系歸屬大英國王治下地方，應請貴官，速將該島全處所有貴國官兵撤回8 l/ N9 l2 A" t( J$ e: M, q0 S
至此，什麼是義律所指「達成初步安排」的文據，還是不太清晰。/ ~' `' s! A+ |# j: I! B
其後，在 1841 年 2 月 1 和 2 月 2 日，伯麥和義律分別發出關於香港已割讓予英國的公告，統稱為義律公告 (Elliot’s Proclamations) [3] 。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb: K/ o0 p+ {, _' P. N6 E- J. w
2 月 1 日，伯麥和義律發表的公告：; h0 j7 F4 W! |! _. h/ p
Bremer, Commander-in-chief, and Elliot, Plenipotentiary, etc., by this proclamation make know to the inhabitant of the island of Hongkong, that that island has now become part of the dominions of the Queen of England by clear public agreement between the High Officers of the Celestial and British Courts….. U( A' V+ v0 n0 H5.39.217.76
2 月 2 日，義律又向中外人士和傳媒發表第二份公告：) R: a' B9 [9 a: F; Q4 o
The island of Hongkong having been ceded to the British Crown under the seal of the Imperial Minister and High Commissioner Keshen, it has become necessary to provide the Government thereof, pending Her Majesty’s pleasure……TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。% A# t" j, [; t& P
兩份公告目的在於曉喻香港居民，英國已經成為香港的新統治者。即便如此，民眾亦毋需惶恐，因為中國傳統禮儀習俗、宗教儀式、風俗習慣等個人權利不但會繼續保留，而且基於引入一種華洋分治，一島兩制的二元化法律體系 (a dual legal system) ，即華人將繼續依從中國法律及習慣，英國及其他各國人士則接受英國法的統治 [4] 。6 K! Y& ?4 W) B. B$ c' H# P9 X
根據中國社會科學院研究員劉存寛教授，在其著作《香港史論叢》第二章<英國強佔香港島與所謂「穿鼻條約」>中指出，這兩份公告的基礎，是以 1 月 20 日的通知為依據。換言之， 2 月 1 日公告中的 "clear public agreement between the High Officers of the Celestial and British Courts" ，和義律 2 月 2 日公告中所指的 "The island of Hongkong having been ceded to the British Crown under the seal of the Imperial Minister and High Commissioner Keshen" ，都是以義律在通知中的「達成初步安排」為依據。而這個有「達成」「安排」的「文據」，便是琦善在《穿鼻草約》蓋上的關防。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb4 e6 u- e/ l) \$ M! ~% G' }" f5 l
1 q. c6 A; s/ {( b) m8 W* I5 \+ E可是，這兩份極重要的公告中，存在三個問題：公仔箱論壇; H9 A" \7 v1 J5 x+ F
…姑為急則治標之計，則暫示羈糜于目前，即當備剿于將來也 [20] 。5.39.217.76- y+ A' j. A& z% d7 V/ }/ ~# `; `6 S
截至 2 月 16 日，琦善仍沒有蓋印，明顯地，莫說 1 月 20 日義律在澳門發出通知中「達成了初步安排」，或是 2 月 1 和 2 日兩份公告中聲稱 "clear public agreement between the High Officers of the Celestial and British Courts" 和 "under the seal of the Imperial Minister and High Commissioner Keshen" 均不可能提前發生，假如義律說早已於 1 月 20 日已與琦善簽訂了《穿鼻草約》，那根本毋需此後多次發出最後通牒脅迫琦善蓋印（最後的通牒死缐是 3 月 1 日。然而，義律早已急不及待，於 2 月 23 日已揮軍再攻虎門）。並且，既已簽約，琦善亦毋需分別在 1 月 31 日擬出《酌定章程》和 2 月 11-12 日重新提出《酌擬章程底稿》四條與義律再次洽談，而律義亦毋需於 2 月 13 日向琦善提出《善定事宜》作最後商議（關於上述兩章程的細節將於下篇《心態上》詳述）。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb4 U$ l) q( q0 D* O$ h
You have obtained the Cession of Hong Kong, a barren Island with hardly a House upon it; and even this Cession as it is called, seems to me, from the conditions with which it is clogged, not to be a cession of the Sovereignty of the Island, which could only be made by the signature of the Emperor, but to be a permission to us to make a Settlement there, upon the same footing on which the Portuguese have an establishment at Macao. * y1 ~+ F' y& c m( |1 s( F$ O公仔箱論壇
With reference to the Proclamation which has appeared in the Newspapers of this Country, issued by you to Her Majesty’s Subjects in China, in which you declare the Island of Hong Kong to be annexed forever tot the British dominions, I have to observe to you that no part of the Territory belonging to one Sovereign can be ceded and made over to another Sovereign, except by a formal Treaty, ratified by the Sovereign by whom the cession is made, and that no Subject has the power to alienate any portion of the territory of his Sovereign. Consequently, the agreement made by Keshen that Hong Kong should be ceded to the British Crown, EVEN IF THAT AGREEMENT HAS BEEN RECORDED IN THE FORMAL SHAPE OF A TREATY, would have been of NO VALUE or force until it had been ratified by The Emperor of China. Your Proclamation was therefore ENTIRELY PREMATURE, inasmuch as it does not appear that any formal Treaty for the cession of Hong Kong had been signed between you and Keshen; and that all events, it is certain that at the time when you issued your Proclamation, no such Treaty, even if signed by Keshen, had been ratified by the Emperor.（大寫為筆者所加）公仔箱論壇9 z4 P8 X( ]& j: m
In ignorance of Captain Elliot’s proposals of Jan 8, 1841, it is impossible to state clearly what was agreed to on this point; but it would appear that the Island of Hong Kong had been ceded as a place of settlement; clogged, however, with a condition that all duties are to be paired there in the same manner as they have hitherto been paid at Whampoa; that is (it is presumed) that they should be assessed and collected at Hong Kong by Chinese officers. In fact, IT DOES NOT CLEARLY APPEAR THAT HONG KONG IS CEDED TO GREAT BRITAIN IN ABSOLUTE SOVEREIGNTY.（大寫為筆者所加） 7 C$ X9 ~3 T- t d: D公仔箱論壇
今議將此條款，現由欽差大臣蓋付關防，欽奉公使大臣簽名付印為據，先送英國，為大英主再蓋公印，送回中華欽差宰相，速將大皇帝亦再蓋公印。" o9 k Q' ~$ i7 g
雙方君主批准為條約效力的必要條件，而且即使琦善蓋了關防，最終還是要大皇帝「再蓋公印」作實。對於條約簽署的這些正式程序，義律似乎很清楚。, [5 u! G& R8 N1 `5 E X
然而，基於當時中英兩國的書信往來都是透過船運，往來兩地的書信一般需時六個月才能送達。因此，假如義律在香港有任何重大決定而英國要作出即時干預，技術上來說基本上是不可行。換言之，義律 1 月與琦善達成的「協議」，基本上有大約半年時間可作追加確認。 / B2 X! Y% Y% q, C5 M# \. z4 t/ w- _* ?
可是，在義律千方百計亦無法追加蓋印作確認的情況下，身在英國的巴麥尊得悉此事。巴麥尊雖然對義律撤出情有獨鍾的舟山大為惱火，但這並不構成他否定割讓香港的決定。事實上，巴麥尊所否定的，不是公告的內容，也不是割讓香港，而是至關重要的割讓程序，因此他才認為公吿是「為時過早 (entirely premature) 」 [6] 。儘管英國外交部始終沒有批准過這兩份公告，但巴麥尊在罷免義律後卻並未因為義律違反程序而放棄佔領香港。相反，巴麥尊要求砵甸乍 (Sir Henry Pottinger, 1789 – 1856) 通過後續的談判，以正式條約的方式追認義律佔領香港的事實。由此可見，《南京條約》的簽訂可視為英方對義律割讓香港和公告的追認 [7] 。 4 T1 g2 g6 E; x+ |5.39.217.76- L& U$ s9 Y# W4 d& J1 l! U
巴麥尊看似重視國際法和平條約的守則，但在實際操作中，巴麥尊卻沒有放棄違反國際法而得來的香港。香港由 1841 年 1 月起，直至 1842 年 8 月簽訂《南京條約》前，實際上已經屬於一個預先割讓的狀態。. c: m2 u$ k. B4 A( z
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註：TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。- v2 H* F' q1 G( V. p8 v
F.O., London, April 21, 1841, Lord Palmerston to captain Elliot, R.N, 《International relation of the Chinese empire》, H.B. Morse, p.642.5.39.217.76% T, K1 N2 Q: p: H( }2 m
另有中文譯文：公仔箱論壇+ c$ m: B+ a& j7 Q- @! p4 [
「你已經爭得香港的割讓，一處連一所房子都難找到的荒島；甚至這一種所謂的割讓，據我看，由於受種種條件的牽制，也不是一種非經皇帝簽署才能辦到的島嶼主權的割讓，而只是我們在那裏建一居留區的一種許可，其地位是同葡萄牙人在澳門所有的那一種制度一樣。」 6 f4 Y( B7 s1 w& O3 tTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。《中華帝國對外關係史》，第一卷，馬士著，第 728 頁。
F.O., London, May 14, 1841, Lord Palmerston to captain Elliot, R.N, 《International relation of the Chinese empire》, H.B. Morse, p.647.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb/ C& @3 A- f9 u
另有中文譯文：3 O( m5 q0 F' x! p" L. q
「除非是通過一項由進行割讓的君主所批准的正式條約，沒有一部份屬於一位君主的領土，能割讓予和轉讓給另一位君主，並且沒有一個臣民有權把他君主的領土任何部分割讓與人。因此，琦善所作的把香港割讓予英國君主的協議，縱使該恊議已經寫成一個條約的正式形式，但在中國皇帝予以批准之前，也不會有任何價值或效力的。在你和琦善之間，對於割讓香港一節，并不象是簽訂了任何正式條約，而已無論如何，我們可斷言在你發布通告的當時，這種條約即使經過琦善簽字，也絕不是已經由皇帝批准的，因此你的通告全然是為時太早。」tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb# F- A7 A* z% g, X* E7 B( w
《中華帝國對外關係史》，第一卷，馬士著，第 735 頁。
STATEMENT, B. DEMANDS 4, 《International relation of the Chinese empire》, H.B. Morse, p. 646.
The government of China is perfectly convinced that the Island of Hong Kong will not be yielded up, and if it suited the purposes or character of Her Majesty’s Government to accept it under any such modification as would save the appearance of its formal cession, and declaration were made that we were satisfied with that extent of territorial possession, they would be well content to adjust affairs at once. 6 \0 F; S, C! u& a. J+ {
小結公仔箱論壇9 O( Z Q% d( q0 i0 t8 ~# G
綜合以上分析而言，琦善以義律含糊的口吻奏明道光帝，而義律又故意在攫取香港的手段上偷換概念，雙方都是以自己的方式，以達到各自目的。從廣東談判的時序、策略、琦善和義律對香港主權的心態分析後可以看到，除了香港割讓的議題上，琦善的確答應了條款的某些部分；但是關於香港割讓這一部分，盡管義律脅迫琦善割讓香港的照會中可能出現言語上的誤會 [27] ，但身為欽差的琦善，只是作為道光帝牽線木偶而已。而關於「寄居」一事，儘管琦善在道光帝允許後的確有跟義律進行磋商，但始終雙方亦沒有達成協議。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb! [6 m1 l$ @) J; E$ U* k8 T
下篇《香港是如何開埠？（三）》，將會離開廣東談判，探討一下巴麥尊否定《穿鼻草約》，但沒有否定義律公告的議題。 ' O; t. t! ^' s& u4 @: C6 a公仔箱論壇 , F w0 k9 q; H7 R註：( L3 q( F. I% A- p* \
《天朝的崩潰》，茅海建著，第 177-179 頁。
關於翻譯問題，蔣廷黻先生表示，道光帝在 8 月 19 日收到由馬儒翰 (John Robert Morrison, 1814 年 4 月 17 日 - 1843 年 8 月 29 日 ) 翻譯的《巴麥尊子爵致大清皇帝欽命宰相書》，出現很多嚴重誤譯，以至全文語調由上門要挾轉變為負屈（對林則徐的指控）「乞恩」，使「剿」轉而主「撫」。例如，譯「求討皇帝昭雪伸冤」（原文為 "demand from the Emperor satisfaction and redress" ）。此外，譯文亦多處將原意「匡正」譯為「伸冤」，「抗議 (protest) 」譯為「告明」，「賠償」譯為「昭雪」，「要求」譯為「催討」等等。《天朝的崩潰》，茅海建著，第 173 頁， 238-239 頁。
發表於 2016-1-27 02:09 AM
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