“Her Majesty’s plenipotentiary has now to announce the conclusion of preliminary arrangements between the imperial commissioner and himself involving the following conditions: ) h5 V" v& y1 `* c# B公仔箱論壇
The cession of the island and harbour of Hongkong to the British crown. All just charges and duties tot the empire upon the commerce carried on there to be paid as if the trade were conducted at Whampoa.
An indemnity to the British government of six millions of dollars, on million payable at once, remainder in equal annual instalments ending in 1846.
Direct official intercourse between the countries upon equal footing.
The trade of the port of Canton to be opened within ten further arrangements are practicable at the new settlement."
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As to other public treaties: in order to enable a public minister or other diplomatic agent to conclude and sign a treaty with the government to which he is accredited, he must be furnished with a full power, independent of his general letter of credence. Grotius, and after him Puffendorf, consider treaties and conventions, thus negotiated and signed, as binding upon the sovereign in whose name they are concluded, in the same manner as any other contract made by a duly authorised agent binds his principal according to the general rules of civil jurisprudence. 5 o- _% A/ ]' Q. p' |2 A( o6 f, U
關於代理君主的大臣之職權，文中寫道：: W6 |; S2 q% F2 v, A
the sovereign is bound by the acts of his ambassadors, within the limits of his patent full-power, although the latter may have transcended or violated his secret instruction. But if the minister exceed his authority, or undertake to treat points not contained in his full-power and instructions, the sovereign is fully justified in delaying, or even refusing his ratification. : a x5 Y/ O% r, ^公仔箱論壇
before a sovereign can honourably refuse to ratify that which has been concluded in virtue of a full power, he must have strong and solid reasons, and, in particular, he must show that his minister has deviated from his instruction. X, B% u: _& b
另外，《國際法原理》第四節又指出，假如全權代表擅自立約，在沒有得到君主准許或授權的情況下作出超越其權力的約定或承諾，最終仍必須得到（君主）的准許：# X2 j) A3 n- s' @- c6 _
Such acts or engagements, which made without authority, or exceeding the limits of the authority under which they purport to be made, are called Sponions. These convention must be confirmed by express or tacit ratification.公仔箱論壇! d0 {1 \, J) c
the assent of the chambers, clothed with the forms of a legislative act, is considered essential to the ultimate validity of a treaty ceding any portion of the national territory.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。# y- r! }, |! Q' P! v( J" f5 Q
最後，與當今國際法一樣，在第八節中，亦清楚說到，在文明國家的法學中，「恃強逼勒」的情況下所簽訂的條約，是不能生效的 [10] ：公仔箱論壇1 W0 w4 u9 V u5 {
By the general principles of private jurisprudence, recognized by most, if not all, CIVILIZED COUNTRIES, a contract obtained by violence is void. Freedom of consent to the validity of every agreement, and contracts obtained under duress are void, because the general welfare of society requires that they should be so.（大寫為筆者所加）TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。# K7 D- K* ], a2 }7 K' ~
Her Majesty’s plenipotentiary has now to announce the conclusion of preliminary arrangements between the imperial commissioner and himself involving the following conditions: 9 A" W, \* h D* W5 s/ q8 p/ ^2 c8 o
The cession of the island and harbour of Hongkong to the British crown. All just charges and duties tot the empire upon the commerce carried on there to be paid as if the trade were conducted at Whampoa.
An indemnity to the British government of six millions of dollars, on million payable at once, remainder in equal annual instalments ending in 1846.
Direct official intercourse between the countries upon equal footing.
The trade of the port of Canton to be opened within ten further arrangements are practicable at the new settlement.
根據草約所指，義律與琦善已達成「達成初步安排」 "the conclusion of preliminary arrangements between the imperial commissioner and himself" 。然而，這個「達成初步安排」的文據究竟是什麼呢？在義律發佈公吿後的第六天，即1841年1月26日英軍佔領香港這天，伯麥照會大鵬協副將賴恩爵，內容如下 [2] ： 7 r/ [' }1 ]) Z/ f
Bremer, Commander-in-chief, and Elliot, Plenipotentiary, etc., by this proclamation make know to the inhabitant of the island of Hongkong, that that island has now become part of the dominions of the Queen of England by clear public agreement between the High Officers of the Celestial and British Courts…..& u. d. O' k0 z/ t% L
The island of Hongkong having been ceded to the British Crown under the seal of the Imperial Minister and High Commissioner Keshen, it has become necessary to provide the Government thereof, pending Her Majesty’s pleasure……TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。: A+ V; D% V4 c* W
兩份公告目的在於曉喻香港居民，英國已經成為香港的新統治者。即便如此，民眾亦毋需惶恐，因為中國傳統禮儀習俗、宗教儀式、風俗習慣等個人權利不但會繼續保留，而且基於引入一種華洋分治，一島兩制的二元化法律體系 (a dual legal system) ，即華人將繼續依從中國法律及習慣，英國及其他各國人士則接受英國法的統治 [4] 。 . |; ^2 m3 X, Qtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb根據中國社會科學院研究員劉存寛教授，在其著作《香港史論叢》第二章<英國強佔香港島與所謂「穿鼻條約」>中指出，這兩份公告的基礎，是以 1 月 20 日的通知為依據。換言之， 2 月 1 日公告中的 "clear public agreement between the High Officers of the Celestial and British Courts" ，和義律 2 月 2 日公告中所指的 "The island of Hongkong having been ceded to the British Crown under the seal of the Imperial Minister and High Commissioner Keshen" ，都是以義律在通知中的「達成初步安排」為依據。而這個有「達成」「安排」的「文據」，便是琦善在《穿鼻草約》蓋上的關防。 # \" c7 ]- k% h6 N9 G n% utvb now,tvbnow,bttvb5.39.217.76" X, K' K9 Y, A! D( b) M% A I) e" x
可是，這兩份極重要的公告中，存在三個問題： . t5 f+ Y$ R* d( V9 `5.39.217.76
截至 2 月 16 日，琦善仍沒有蓋印，明顯地，莫說 1 月 20 日義律在澳門發出通知中「達成了初步安排」，或是 2 月 1 和 2 日兩份公告中聲稱 "clear public agreement between the High Officers of the Celestial and British Courts" 和 "under the seal of the Imperial Minister and High Commissioner Keshen" 均不可能提前發生，假如義律說早已於 1 月 20 日已與琦善簽訂了《穿鼻草約》，那根本毋需此後多次發出最後通牒脅迫琦善蓋印（最後的通牒死缐是 3 月 1 日。然而，義律早已急不及待，於 2 月 23 日已揮軍再攻虎門）。並且，既已簽約，琦善亦毋需分別在 1 月 31 日擬出《酌定章程》和 2 月 11-12 日重新提出《酌擬章程底稿》四條與義律再次洽談，而律義亦毋需於 2 月 13 日向琦善提出《善定事宜》作最後商議（關於上述兩章程的細節將於下篇《心態上》詳述）。 ' Z4 o8 t+ k/ e# _2 @7 C+ Q! o5.39.217.76 8 l- ^6 ^ e. D. v. X事實上，所謂「安排」，只是義律要做成既定事實，來逼使清政府作出承諾的計策。那麼義律所指的「已有文據在案」，實際上是啥什麼？公仔箱論壇+ v \ F! h. o: B' R
義律所指的「文據」，其實是雙方就自沙角退兵、繳還定海、代奏寄居香港及釋放拘留人士等協議的磋商和照會文件 [22] 。然而這些協議都沒有簽字作實，亦沒有蓋上關防。在 2 月 1 日義律發布公告的同日，義律給琦善的照會中便說道 [23] ： ( _7 J* S$ L! c) Q: l' _5 q
倘貴大臣爵閣部堂，能將業將分別酌議說定諸事，曾有文據之各條款，列作盟約，俾兩國制體，均無所傷之處。5.39.217.763 n, U; r: U9 ^" f n, f& B) b
You have obtained the Cession of Hong Kong, a barren Island with hardly a House upon it; and even this Cession as it is called, seems to me, from the conditions with which it is clogged, not to be a cession of the Sovereignty of the Island, which could only be made by the signature of the Emperor, but to be a permission to us to make a Settlement there, upon the same footing on which the Portuguese have an establishment at Macao. ! U1 K$ P+ J; @1 E" j, H
With reference to the Proclamation which has appeared in the Newspapers of this Country, issued by you to Her Majesty’s Subjects in China, in which you declare the Island of Hong Kong to be annexed forever tot the British dominions, I have to observe to you that no part of the Territory belonging to one Sovereign can be ceded and made over to another Sovereign, except by a formal Treaty, ratified by the Sovereign by whom the cession is made, and that no Subject has the power to alienate any portion of the territory of his Sovereign. Consequently, the agreement made by Keshen that Hong Kong should be ceded to the British Crown, EVEN IF THAT AGREEMENT HAS BEEN RECORDED IN THE FORMAL SHAPE OF A TREATY, would have been of NO VALUE or force until it had been ratified by The Emperor of China. Your Proclamation was therefore ENTIRELY PREMATURE, inasmuch as it does not appear that any formal Treaty for the cession of Hong Kong had been signed between you and Keshen; and that all events, it is certain that at the time when you issued your Proclamation, no such Treaty, even if signed by Keshen, had been ratified by the Emperor.（大寫為筆者所加） : m- B8 C8 Z" ]# b$ r! ]! \+ T
巴麥尊在文件中說得清楚不過，沒有達成協議，即不是一種協議；即使有，沒有大皇帝批准的，根本沒有價值可言。5.39.217.76# ^! g' S% A; i1 E
其實，草約的問題除了是在立約程序上違反國際慣例之外，巴麥尊對割讓是否屬實亦存疑慮。在 1841 年 4 月 21 日巴麥尊致義律炒魷函件的前一天，另一封名為 "STATEMENT" 的函件，詳列了義律在華之功過。當中，在 "B. DEMANDS" 第 4 項中，便清楚說明英方對於所謂割讓的疑慮 [3] ：& n8 ~9 u! S& M. P
In ignorance of Captain Elliot’s proposals of Jan 8, 1841, it is impossible to state clearly what was agreed to on this point; but it would appear that the Island of Hong Kong had been ceded as a place of settlement; clogged, however, with a condition that all duties are to be paired there in the same manner as they have hitherto been paid at Whampoa; that is (it is presumed) that they should be assessed and collected at Hong Kong by Chinese officers. In fact, IT DOES NOT CLEARLY APPEAR THAT HONG KONG IS CEDED TO GREAT BRITAIN IN ABSOLUTE SOVEREIGNTY.（大寫為筆者所加）公仔箱論壇% _# l# n1 j$ F( b# e
9 M r/ K' n$ J3 X; X其實，無論是「寄居」、「暫屯」、「自治」還是「主治」，對於義律來說，香港島是要定了。但他同時亦非常清礎，對於道光帝來說，割讓是絕對不行。因此，義律認為假如能夠省去正式割讓的外形，並以一項非正式的聲明來取得清廷對佔有香港的允許，他表示這樣不但能夠符合女王陛下政府之目的和聲威，而且認為清廷會立即欣然把事情安排好。這點他在 1841 年 6 月 21 日致印度總督奧克蘭勳爵 (Lord Auckland, 1784-1849) 的信函中，寫得非常清楚 [28] ：5.39.217.76; z' v1 |/ i. T! `: K
The government of China is perfectly convinced that the Island of Hong Kong will not be yielded up, and if it suited the purposes or character of Her Majesty’s Government to accept it under any such modification as would save the appearance of its formal cession, and declaration were made that we were satisfied with that extent of territorial possession, they would be well content to adjust affairs at once.公仔箱論壇! ^6 d% x2 V7 Q: l2 @8 B6 t0 T
小結 " j% g0 j) R- q! u6 G公仔箱論壇綜合以上分析而言，琦善以義律含糊的口吻奏明道光帝，而義律又故意在攫取香港的手段上偷換概念，雙方都是以自己的方式，以達到各自目的。從廣東談判的時序、策略、琦善和義律對香港主權的心態分析後可以看到，除了香港割讓的議題上，琦善的確答應了條款的某些部分；但是關於香港割讓這一部分，盡管義律脅迫琦善割讓香港的照會中可能出現言語上的誤會 [27] ，但身為欽差的琦善，只是作為道光帝牽線木偶而已。而關於「寄居」一事，儘管琦善在道光帝允許後的確有跟義律進行磋商，但始終雙方亦沒有達成協議。 : Y; c; V: F. K' v4 b* j) dtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb下篇《香港是如何開埠？（三）》，將會離開廣東談判，探討一下巴麥尊否定《穿鼻草約》，但沒有否定義律公告的議題。 ' e7 u+ c; ?" D5 y! k& J公仔箱論壇TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。. {8 @9 c! |) Y9 ?1 T
註：TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。7 A' u* T( F" p& X7 m2 ?' x' T3 f
《天朝的崩潰》，茅海建著，第 177-179 頁。
關於翻譯問題，蔣廷黻先生表示，道光帝在 8 月 19 日收到由馬儒翰 (John Robert Morrison, 1814 年 4 月 17 日 - 1843 年 8 月 29 日 ) 翻譯的《巴麥尊子爵致大清皇帝欽命宰相書》，出現很多嚴重誤譯，以至全文語調由上門要挾轉變為負屈（對林則徐的指控）「乞恩」，使「剿」轉而主「撫」。例如，譯「求討皇帝昭雪伸冤」（原文為 "demand from the Emperor satisfaction and redress" ）。此外，譯文亦多處將原意「匡正」譯為「伸冤」，「抗議 (protest) 」譯為「告明」，「賠償」譯為「昭雪」，「要求」譯為「催討」等等。《天朝的崩潰》，茅海建著，第 173 頁， 238-239 頁。
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