“Her Majesty’s plenipotentiary has now to announce the conclusion of preliminary arrangements between the imperial commissioner and himself involving the following conditions: ) b' K4 j6 J" O g+ j2 btvb now,tvbnow,bttvb
The cession of the island and harbour of Hongkong to the British crown. All just charges and duties tot the empire upon the commerce carried on there to be paid as if the trade were conducted at Whampoa.
An indemnity to the British government of six millions of dollars, on million payable at once, remainder in equal annual instalments ending in 1846.
Direct official intercourse between the countries upon equal footing.
The trade of the port of Canton to be opened within ten further arrangements are practicable at the new settlement."
* M y" T/ f/ v& E可是，當時《穿鼻草約》沒有簽訂和承認，香港割讓只是建立在英軍的實際佔領和升旗禮之上，因此草約亦不能成為使「開辟」商埠合理的法律工具。對於類似國際間的強佔行為， 19 世紀初的國際法能夠產生約束力嗎？國際法又是如何詮釋條約效力的？TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。2 F- n. V5 ~) }: t
: S, j3 s& N I' h. F& |: l" i# ktvb now,tvbnow,bttvb現今泛指國際法這一詞，在 19 世紀後半葉一般稱為歐洲公法 (droit public de I’Europe, European public law) 。當時歐洲公法的特徵，主要都是圍繞著保障歐洲國際社會利益，例如歐洲中心主義、擴張主義等的法律秩序。歐洲認為公法是「文明國家之間的法律」，世界亦因而給劃分為歐洲文明國家、中國等半文明國家，和野蠻國家。為了要將侵略世界非文明國家的擴張行為合理化，歐洲公法乃成為一種帝國主義的法律工具 [6] 。 tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb5 Y4 c$ U# @1 H
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為証明自己是公正無私的文明國家，並要迫使不文明國家遵循他們的價值觀和法理規範來行事，以維護其特權和利益，在 18 世紀初，國際法著作便成為這種擴張主義的白手套。而國際法作者的國藉，便顯得尤其關鍵 – 列強爭相出版國際法。而當中的焦點，便是那個國家更有資格代表普世價值。因此， 19 世紀最著名的國際法著作，1836年分別在倫敦和費城出版的《Elements of International Law》（中譯為《國際法原理》），能夠在 1864 年由美國傳教士丁韙良 (W. A. P. Martin, 1827-1916) 翻譯為漢語版《萬國公法》，美國政府對翻譯的推動，包括時任中國海關稅務司司長赫德 (Sir Robert Hart, 1835-1911) 的支持，實在不可或缺 [7] 。因此，當時國際法的約束力，較為適用於列強間的秩序維繫和利益分配，多於對國際間的無限擴張。 7 o1 L1 {( _$ [9 V3 g7 ftvb now,tvbnow,bttvb % a, Y5 I! {0 H% o8 |+ ^/ w在過去一個多世紀，世界各地在國際法和平條約的領土割讓實例中，一般劃分為因征服而割讓 (subjugation) ，和因條約 (treaty) 買賣而割讓兩種，而兩者均必須以條約為法律依據。那麼，條約基於什麼條件才產生法律效力？《國際法原理》第二章第五節中指出，有效的條約必須首先由君主賦予全權的代表，在達成協議之後，雙方代表簽署才能正式生效 [8] ： 3 A" P- \( ^: A! j$ lTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
As to other public treaties: in order to enable a public minister or other diplomatic agent to conclude and sign a treaty with the government to which he is accredited, he must be furnished with a full power, independent of his general letter of credence. Grotius, and after him Puffendorf, consider treaties and conventions, thus negotiated and signed, as binding upon the sovereign in whose name they are concluded, in the same manner as any other contract made by a duly authorised agent binds his principal according to the general rules of civil jurisprudence. 9 x& X0 i0 t& J! u: MTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
關於代理君主的大臣之職權，文中寫道：tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb9 { C! a0 d: x6 T' U
the sovereign is bound by the acts of his ambassadors, within the limits of his patent full-power, although the latter may have transcended or violated his secret instruction. But if the minister exceed his authority, or undertake to treat points not contained in his full-power and instructions, the sovereign is fully justified in delaying, or even refusing his ratification. " V6 f3 H, F+ X; X+ p公仔箱論壇
before a sovereign can honourably refuse to ratify that which has been concluded in virtue of a full power, he must have strong and solid reasons, and, in particular, he must show that his minister has deviated from his instruction. ' l0 q% L: A* ?/ f5 ptvb now,tvbnow,bttvb
Such acts or engagements, which made without authority, or exceeding the limits of the authority under which they purport to be made, are called Sponions. These convention must be confirmed by express or tacit ratification. ) n9 P1 u/ j" w9 l6 H5 }" T) ntvb now,tvbnow,bttvb
此外，假如條約中包含了領土割讓，還需要得到被割讓一方的同意 [9] ： 7 F V" ?& B1 Y2 |
the assent of the chambers, clothed with the forms of a legislative act, is considered essential to the ultimate validity of a treaty ceding any portion of the national territory.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb; q/ ] `) Z. P) ~" M0 j
By the general principles of private jurisprudence, recognized by most, if not all, CIVILIZED COUNTRIES, a contract obtained by violence is void. Freedom of consent to the validity of every agreement, and contracts obtained under duress are void, because the general welfare of society requires that they should be so.（大寫為筆者所加） ; v) S3 ~5 d7 K0 p7 `! z5.39.217.76
Her Majesty’s plenipotentiary has now to announce the conclusion of preliminary arrangements between the imperial commissioner and himself involving the following conditions: 7 n+ K- `, h& \3 qtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb
The cession of the island and harbour of Hongkong to the British crown. All just charges and duties tot the empire upon the commerce carried on there to be paid as if the trade were conducted at Whampoa.
An indemnity to the British government of six millions of dollars, on million payable at once, remainder in equal annual instalments ending in 1846.
Direct official intercourse between the countries upon equal footing.
The trade of the port of Canton to be opened within ten further arrangements are practicable at the new settlement.
根據草約所指，義律與琦善已達成「達成初步安排」 "the conclusion of preliminary arrangements between the imperial commissioner and himself" 。然而，這個「達成初步安排」的文據究竟是什麼呢？在義律發佈公吿後的第六天，即1841年1月26日英軍佔領香港這天，伯麥照會大鵬協副將賴恩爵，內容如下 [2] ： $ x; F" }/ t6 E
照得本國公使大臣義，與欽差大臣爵閣部堂琦，說定諸事，議將香港等處全島地方，讓給英國主掌，已在文據在案。是該島現系歸屬大英國王治下地方，應請貴官，速將該島全處所有貴國官兵撤回公仔箱論壇$ K* Z% {# c, u. _7 C( q% G& B
Bremer, Commander-in-chief, and Elliot, Plenipotentiary, etc., by this proclamation make know to the inhabitant of the island of Hongkong, that that island has now become part of the dominions of the Queen of England by clear public agreement between the High Officers of the Celestial and British Courts…..公仔箱論壇. }9 h, r% U# Z$ S
The island of Hongkong having been ceded to the British Crown under the seal of the Imperial Minister and High Commissioner Keshen, it has become necessary to provide the Government thereof, pending Her Majesty’s pleasure…… 1 ^( k2 v( m# @ j! Y5.39.217.76
兩份公告目的在於曉喻香港居民，英國已經成為香港的新統治者。即便如此，民眾亦毋需惶恐，因為中國傳統禮儀習俗、宗教儀式、風俗習慣等個人權利不但會繼續保留，而且基於引入一種華洋分治，一島兩制的二元化法律體系 (a dual legal system) ，即華人將繼續依從中國法律及習慣，英國及其他各國人士則接受英國法的統治 [4] 。8 w! y3 ^8 n. @. Q. J6 U2 _
根據中國社會科學院研究員劉存寛教授，在其著作《香港史論叢》第二章<英國強佔香港島與所謂「穿鼻條約」>中指出，這兩份公告的基礎，是以 1 月 20 日的通知為依據。換言之， 2 月 1 日公告中的 "clear public agreement between the High Officers of the Celestial and British Courts" ，和義律 2 月 2 日公告中所指的 "The island of Hongkong having been ceded to the British Crown under the seal of the Imperial Minister and High Commissioner Keshen" ，都是以義律在通知中的「達成初步安排」為依據。而這個有「達成」「安排」的「文據」，便是琦善在《穿鼻草約》蓋上的關防。公仔箱論壇; d2 T+ ^5 w8 e5 Q
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可是，這兩份極重要的公告中，存在三個問題： # }& B T6 }7 C& ^3 e7 ]$ Z9 K
假如公告的基礎是以通知為依據，那麼通知又什麼作依據？琦善有否就割讓香港與義律達成協議並蓋印作實？
巴麥尊否定條約；以及
義律在港權力和公告法律效力
劉存寬教授、前香港歷史博物館館長丁新豹博士、香港嶺南大學香港與華南歷史研究部名譽研究員蕭國健教授等多名學者均認為，琦善從來沒有在任何關於割讓香港的文據上蓋關防作實 [5] 。5.39.217.760 \( W7 A# `& u9 ^ c# M
那麼，義律聲稱琦善蓋了關防的文據，究竟是怎麼一回事？筆者嘗試從時序、策略、琦善和義律心態三方面全方位分析「達成了初步安排」和「已有文據在案」可能性。公仔箱論壇4 Z) y1 g9 q9 U0 J: I/ v
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。+ t( O( Q- ^) I
時序篇究竟「達成了初步安排」和的「文據」是如何發生的？筆者嘗試將琦善和義律在廣東談判中，由 1 月 7 日至 2 月 26 日這段關鍵的香港割讓歷史過程，重現眼前。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb& Z" ?8 d+ Z9 K( }/ S
1841 年 1 月 7 日，英軍攻陷沙角和大角，清軍大敗。一星期後，義律於1月14日給琦善照會，要求琦善將香港給予英國「主治」以作「寄居」，而條件是歸還沙角和大角兩地 [6] ： # Y, _3 A; }+ u
近聞省內有英國所屬港腳地者。未知姓名之黑人一囗，被官拘留。応請釋回。並聞有英國和相交之法蘭西國人單亞泥一名，亦被拘留。取敢請貴大臣爵閣部堂施恩，以該人釋放。蓋深知大臣爵閣部堂仁愛之心，且知該人惟修善良，堪蒙恩施。本公臣故有此請。此間相拒情形，已被善定，彼此相安。原因貴大爵閣部堂事事篤信，洞明辦理所致，實本國人民所共知矣。倘可加以仁愛恩施，必使該人遠居老親，喜樂感載。且令泰西諸國之人，聞風敬慕也。本公使大臣此次將私情致請，祈為原恕。特為此照會者。: p% n5 D) t" M* ^5 M) r
You have obtained the Cession of Hong Kong, a barren Island with hardly a House upon it; and even this Cession as it is called, seems to me, from the conditions with which it is clogged, not to be a cession of the Sovereignty of the Island, which could only be made by the signature of the Emperor, but to be a permission to us to make a Settlement there, upon the same footing on which the Portuguese have an establishment at Macao. . p. o, `. G5 \1 g7 Q9 P4 RTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
With reference to the Proclamation which has appeared in the Newspapers of this Country, issued by you to Her Majesty’s Subjects in China, in which you declare the Island of Hong Kong to be annexed forever tot the British dominions, I have to observe to you that no part of the Territory belonging to one Sovereign can be ceded and made over to another Sovereign, except by a formal Treaty, ratified by the Sovereign by whom the cession is made, and that no Subject has the power to alienate any portion of the territory of his Sovereign. Consequently, the agreement made by Keshen that Hong Kong should be ceded to the British Crown, EVEN IF THAT AGREEMENT HAS BEEN RECORDED IN THE FORMAL SHAPE OF A TREATY, would have been of NO VALUE or force until it had been ratified by The Emperor of China. Your Proclamation was therefore ENTIRELY PREMATURE, inasmuch as it does not appear that any formal Treaty for the cession of Hong Kong had been signed between you and Keshen; and that all events, it is certain that at the time when you issued your Proclamation, no such Treaty, even if signed by Keshen, had been ratified by the Emperor.（大寫為筆者所加） ( V( M2 V& l3 y) r# l6 y. ?# B
In ignorance of Captain Elliot’s proposals of Jan 8, 1841, it is impossible to state clearly what was agreed to on this point; but it would appear that the Island of Hong Kong had been ceded as a place of settlement; clogged, however, with a condition that all duties are to be paired there in the same manner as they have hitherto been paid at Whampoa; that is (it is presumed) that they should be assessed and collected at Hong Kong by Chinese officers. In fact, IT DOES NOT CLEARLY APPEAR THAT HONG KONG IS CEDED TO GREAT BRITAIN IN ABSOLUTE SOVEREIGNTY.（大寫為筆者所加）5.39.217.76( y! v$ O9 g& P, u. E# e1 c7 ^
本帖最後由 felicity2010 於 2016-1-27 02:24 AM 編輯 ! S* e. o j/ y V# {& B5.39.217.76$ X; o8 ]3 _$ f
【香港是如何開埠的？之二】琦善有否同意割讓香港？— 策略篇tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb7 [0 d' A: e! I1 d
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The government of China is perfectly convinced that the Island of Hong Kong will not be yielded up, and if it suited the purposes or character of Her Majesty’s Government to accept it under any such modification as would save the appearance of its formal cession, and declaration were made that we were satisfied with that extent of territorial possession, they would be well content to adjust affairs at once. " Z) v4 r4 O: r
發表於 2016-1-27 02:09 AM
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